# Co5Ge3: enthalpy of formation

> Enthalpy of formation of Co5Ge3: 26 literature value(s) with sources, pages and quotes and DFT values (Materials Project / OQMD), from ORCHID.

HTML: https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/Co5Ge3.html · Markdown: https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/Co5Ge3.md

26 accepted literature formation-enthalpy value(s) (experimental 11, model 15); experimental median -17.237 kJ/mol-atom (n = 7); OQMD -16.532 kJ/mol-atom (oqmd-1437178).

Systems: [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html)

## Literature values

Table: Enthalpy of formation of Co5Ge3 reported in the literature (26)

| Value | Phase as printed | T (K) | Class | Method | System | Source | Location | Quote |
|---:|---|---:|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -20.136 per mol-atom ± 1179 | βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | experimental |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [1] Zeng 2019; _cites Predel 1979_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031%2879%2985054-6) | Table 4, p. 9, row 19; `ORC-HK277PMNPF` |  |
| -20.136 kJ/mol-atom | βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | experimental |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [2] Dong 2013; _cites Predel 1979_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031%2879%2985054-6) | Table 6, p. 5, row 13; `ORC-P62OT55WGM.a4f7c5` |  |
| -19.6 kJ/mol-atom | βCo5Ge3 | 298.15 | experimental | direct synthesis calorimetry | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [2] Dong 2013; _cites Kleppa 1990_ | Table 5, p. 4, row 6; `ORC-WO5NCPE2ZL` |  |
| -19 kJ/mol-atom | βCo5Ge3 | 298.15 | experimental |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [2] Dong 2013; _cites Niessen 1983_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2883%2990030-5) | Table 5, p. 4, row 7; `ORC-RWT7INYSDC` |  |
| -17.237 per mol-atom ± 845 | βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | experimental |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [1] Zeng 2019; _cites Predel 1979_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031%2879%2985054-6) | Table 4, p. 9, row 16; `ORC-BENJKGUNBT` |  |
| -17.237 kJ/mol-atom | βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | experimental |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [2] Dong 2013; _cites Predel 1979_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031%2879%2985054-6) | Table 6, p. 5, row 11; `ORC-IHZ76MZO3S.11ba75` |  |
| -15.868 per mol-atom ± 1104 | βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | experimental |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [1] Zeng 2019; _cites Predel 1979_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031%2879%2985054-6) | Table 4, p. 9, row 13; `ORC-6GRTNSMMVO` |  |
| -15.868 kJ/mol-atom | βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | experimental |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [2] Dong 2013; _cites Predel 1979_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031%2879%2985054-6) | Table 6, p. 5, row 9; `ORC-XUZS2XSLKO.41f725` |  |
| -13.697 kJ/mol-atom ± 0.87 | α(Co)+βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | experimental |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [1] Zeng 2019; _cites Predel 1979_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031%2879%2985054-6) | Table 4, p. 9, row 10; `ORC-CHVOY6D4FJ.422766` |  |
| -13.697 per mol-atom ± 870 | α(Co) + βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | experimental |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [1] Zeng 2019; _cites Predel 1979_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031%2879%2985054-6) | Table 4, p. 9, row 10; `ORC-CHVOY6D4FJ.52fe1d` |  |
| -13.697 kJ/mol-atom | α(Co) + βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | experimental |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [2] Dong 2013; _cites Predel 1979_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031%2879%2985054-6) | Table 6, p. 5, row 7; `ORC-FA37UICRO3.85f7a0` |  |
| -18.665 kJ/mol-atom | βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | model |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [2] Dong 2013 | Table 6, p. 5, row 14; `ORC-5NJEWCWNC2.1361f8` |  |
| -18.381 per mol-atom | βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | model |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [1] Zeng 2019 | Table 4, p. 9, row 18; `ORC-KMHVYDGSGY` |  |
| -18.279 kJ/mol-atom | βCo5Ge3 | 298.15 | model |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [2] Dong 2013 | Table 5, p. 4, row 8; `ORC-HFLXAPW2FJ` |  |
| -18.16 per mol-atom | βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | model |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [1] Zeng 2019 | Table 4, p. 9, row 20; `ORC-BI3CA3YJAE` |  |
| -17.185 per mol-atom | βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | model |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [1] Zeng 2019 | Table 4, p. 9, row 15; `ORC-VJ2NFR57EC` |  |
| -16.665 per mol-atom | βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | model |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [1] Zeng 2019 | Table 4, p. 9, row 17; `ORC-26PVPAMFY3` |  |
| -16.171 kJ/mol-atom | βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | model |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [2] Dong 2013 | Table 6, p. 5, row 12; `ORC-4J432QRD3D.600041` |  |
| -15.844 per mol-atom | α(Co) + βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | model |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [1] Zeng 2019 | Table 4, p. 9, row 12; `ORC-BMYCYGBQDR.069693` |  |
| -15.844 kJ/mol-atom | α(Co)+βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | model |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [1] Zeng 2019 | Table 4, p. 9, row 12; `ORC-BMYCYGBQDR.89ab1c` |  |
| -15.124 per mol-atom | βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | model |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [1] Zeng 2019 | Table 4, p. 9, row 14; `ORC-P6IPDZO6T5` |  |
| -14.314 kJ/mol-atom | βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | model |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [2] Dong 2013 | Table 6, p. 5, row 10; `ORC-WMXZFAXV4H.148fdd` |  |
| -13.797 per mol-atom | α(Co) + βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | model |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [1] Zeng 2019 | Table 4, p. 9, row 11; `ORC-NMON2TIR4J.266298` |  |
| -13.797 kJ/mol-atom | α(Co)+βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | model |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [1] Zeng 2019 | Table 4, p. 9, row 11; `ORC-NMON2TIR4J.28f8d1` |  |
| -13.161 kJ/mol-atom | α(Co) + βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | model |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [2] Dong 2013 | Table 6, p. 5, row 8; `ORC-XYYZTH6FP3.b6e438` |  |
| -10.994 per mol-atom | βCo5Ge3 | 1060 | model |  | [Co–Ge](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CO-GE.html) | [1] Zeng 2019 | Table 4, p. 9, row 21; `ORC-J6GYZIWRSH` |  |

### Uncertainty budget

Components kept separate, in the value's unit (literature [SCHEMA.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/SCHEMA.md), [UNCERTAINTY_CALIBRATION.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/UNCERTAINTY_CALIBRATION.md)): effective = max(sqrt(max(printed, reading, method)^2 + composition^2 + conversion^2), scatter). The method floor is the robust between-study scatter of the method class in ORCHID (calibrated) or a documented prior; printed values and printed uncertainties are unchanged.

Table: Uncertainty budget of the literature values of Co5Ge3

| Value | Unit | Printed | Reading | Method (class, basis) | Composition | Scatter | Conversion | Effective |
|---:|---|---:|---:|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| -20.136 | per mol-atom | 1179 | 5.000e-4 | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |  |  |  | 1179 |
| -20.136 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.5 (unknown, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| -19.6 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.2 (solution_reaction_calorimetry, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.2 |
| -19 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.5 (unknown, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| -17.237 | per mol-atom | 845 | 5.000e-4 | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |  |  |  | 845 |
| -17.237 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.5 (unknown, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| -15.868 | per mol-atom | 1104 | 5.000e-4 | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |  |  |  | 1104 |
| -15.868 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.5 (unknown, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| -13.697 | kJ/mol-atom | 0.87 | 5.000e-4 | 3.5 (unknown, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| -13.697 | per mol-atom | 870 | 5.000e-4 | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |  |  |  | 870 |
| -13.697 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.5 (unknown, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| -18.665 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| -18.381 | per mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |  |  |  | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |
| -18.279 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| -18.16 | per mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |  |  |  | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |
| -17.185 | per mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |  |  |  | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |
| -16.665 | per mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |  |  |  | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |
| -16.171 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| -15.844 | per mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |  |  |  | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |
| -15.844 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| -15.124 | per mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |  |  |  | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |
| -14.314 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| -13.797 | per mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |  |  |  | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |
| -13.797 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| -13.161 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| -10.994 | per mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |  |  |  | unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom |

## DFT formation energies

Lowest-energy entries at this composition. Materials Project and OQMD use different energy references and are never averaged. 1 eV/atom = 96.485 kJ/mol-atom.

Table: DFT formation energy of Co5Ge3

| Source | Entry | kJ/mol-atom | eV/atom | Space group | E above hull (kJ/mol-atom) | E above hull (eV/atom) | Theoretical |
|---|---|---:|---:|---|---:|---:|---|
| OQMD | oqmd-1437178 | -16.532 | -0.171339 | C2 | 0.786 | 0.0081 | yes |

DFT sources: A. Jain et al., Commentary: The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002. [doi:10.1063/1.4812323](https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323) (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501-1509; S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010. [doi:10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4) (CC BY 4.0); 

## Sources

1. Yinping Zeng, Yong Du, Han Li, Peng Zhou, Shuhong Liu, Kaiming Cheng et al., Thermodynamic description and solidified microstructure of the Co-Ge system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 793, 480-491 (2019). [doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.205](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.205)
2. S.S. Dong, S.G. Liu, X.M. Tao, F.H. Xiao, L.H. Huang, F. Yang et al., Thermodynamic optimization of Co–Ge binary system, Thermochimica Acta 572, 94-100 (2013). [doi:10.1016/j.tca.2013.08.026](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2013.08.026)

## Please cite

- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Parity: DFT-vs-experiment formation-enthalpy benchmark (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735943
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0); G. Kim, S. V. Meschel, P. Nash, W. Chen, Experimental formation enthalpies for intermetallic phases and other inorganic compounds, Scientific Data 4 (2017) 170162, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.162; B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file.

Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

```bibtex
@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_dft_benchmark_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Parity: DFT-vs-experiment formation-enthalpy benchmark}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735943},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735943},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}
```

---

Derived data CC BY 4.0 ([licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)): cite ORCHID ([CITATION.cff](https://data.orchid-project.org/CITATION.cff)) and the original sources. Quotes are short excerpts kept so that each value can be checked; they remain under the publishers' copyright and are not relicensed. Source papers, page images and full text are not redistributed. Field reference: [SCHEMA.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/SCHEMA.md). Machine-readable guide: [llms.txt](https://data.orchid-project.org/llms.txt). Found an error? The report link of a value (Markdown: its id, ORC-..., in the Location column) opens a pre-filled GitHub issue, https://github.com/orchid-calphad/orchid-data/issues/new?template=report-value-error.yml&record_id=\<id>, carrying only the record id, source and value; [how to contribute](https://orchid-project.org/contribute/).