# GeO2: enthalpy of formation

> Enthalpy of formation of GeO2: 14 literature value(s) with sources, pages and quotes, from ORCHID.

HTML: https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/GeO2.html · Markdown: https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/GeO2.md

14 accepted literature formation-enthalpy value(s) (experimental 10, model 4).

Systems: [Ge–O](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-O.html)

## Literature values

Table: Enthalpy of formation of GeO2 reported in the literature (14)

| Value | Phase as printed | T (K) | Class | Method | System | Source | Location | Quote |
|---:|---|---:|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -574 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | GeO2 hexagonal | 298.15 | experimental | EMF solid electrolyte | [Ge–O](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-O.html) | [1] Dinsdale 2015; _cites Katayama 1975_ | Table 4, p. 4, row 10; `ORC-K3J25RITDO.965b00` |  |
| -556 kJ/mol (basis unstated) ± 8 | GeO2 hexagonal | 298.15 | experimental | Dissolution calorimetry | [Ge–O](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-O.html) | [1] Dinsdale 2015; _cites Jolly 1952_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01142a056) | Table 4, p. 4, row 3; `ORC-2DQC5PPW4J` |  |
| -556 kJ/mol (basis unstated) ± 5 | GeO2 hexagonal | 298.15 | experimental | Equilibrium studies in Ge-H-O system | [Ge–O](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-O.html) | [1] Dinsdale 2015; _cites Yokokawa 1957_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01570a016) | Table 4, p. 4, row 4; `ORC-M4ZCOTCL47` |  |
| -555.4 kJ/mol (basis unstated) ± 2 | GeO2 hexagonal | 298.15 | experimental | Equilibrium studies in Ge-H-O system | [Ge–O](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-O.html) | [1] Dinsdale 2015; _cites Yokokawa 1957_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01570a016) | Table 4, p. 4, row 5; `ORC-YPMXD3NAJT` |  |
| -554.7 kJ/mol (basis unstated) ± 1 | GeO2 hexagonal | 298.15 | experimental | Fluorine combustion calorimetry | [Ge–O](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-O.html) | [1] Dinsdale 2015; _cites Gross 1966_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9666202388) | Table 4, p. 4, row 9; `ORC-23NHBNQJKD` |  |
| -554.7 kJ/mol (basis unstated) ± 1 | GeO2 hexagonal | 298.15 | experimental | EMF solid electrolyte | [Ge–O](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-O.html) | [1] Dinsdale 2015; _cites Katayama 1975_ | Table 4, p. 4, row 11; `ORC-65NC2C3TQ2` |  |
| -553 kJ/mol (basis unstated) ± 5 | GeO2 hexagonal | 298.15 | experimental | Solution calorimetry in HF/H2O2 mixtures | [Ge–O](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-O.html) | [1] Dinsdale 2015; _cites Bills 1964_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1021/j100786a016) | Table 4, p. 4, row 7; `ORC-2P2GNLY7DI` |  |
| -540.1 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | GeO2 hexagonal | 298.15 | experimental | Oxygen combustion | [Ge–O](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-O.html) | [1] Dinsdale 2015; _cites Mah 1962_ | Table 4, p. 4, row 6; `ORC-HLGTCQNHJY.6898fe` |  |
| -538 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | GeO2 hexagonal | 298.15 | experimental | Oxygen combustion | [Ge–O](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-O.html) | [1] Dinsdale 2015; _cites Hahn 1940_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19402440203) | Table 4, p. 4, row 2; `ORC-AVC7326QWT.7158f1` |  |
| -536 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | GeO2 hexagonal | 298.15 | experimental | Oxygen combustion | [Ge–O](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-O.html) | [1] Dinsdale 2015; _cites Becker 1932_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-1932-16107) | Table 4, p. 4, row 1; `ORC-KPAQ7GA6CF.98dc8d` |  |
| -556.5 kJ/mol (basis unstated) ± 2 | GeO2 hexagonal | 298.15 | model | Assessed | [Ge–O](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-O.html) | [1] Dinsdale 2015; _cites Faktor 1965_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2423702) | Table 4, p. 4, row 8; `ORC-3JBOBH5KCF` |  |
| -556.1 kJ/mol (basis unstated) ± 2 | GeO2 hexagonal | 298.15 | model | Assessed | [Ge–O](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-O.html) | [1] Dinsdale 2015 | Table 4, p. 4, row 14; `ORC-TKE4BRTWCG` |  |
| -554.7 kJ/mol (basis unstated) ± 1 | GeO2 hexagonal | 298.15 | model | Assessed | [Ge–O](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-O.html) | [1] Dinsdale 2015; _cites Gurvich 1990_ | Table 4, p. 4, row 12; `ORC-WQ2XBV4SWA` |  |
| -553.82 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | GeO2 hexagonal | 298.15 | model | Assessed | [Ge–O](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-O.html) | [1] Dinsdale 2015; _cites Richet 1990_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00209228) | Table 4, p. 4, row 13; `ORC-TZURBNFNPE.a7e5a7` |  |

### Uncertainty budget

Components kept separate, in the value's unit (literature [SCHEMA.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/SCHEMA.md), [UNCERTAINTY_CALIBRATION.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/UNCERTAINTY_CALIBRATION.md)): effective = max(sqrt(max(printed, reading, method)^2 + composition^2 + conversion^2), scatter). The method floor is the robust between-study scatter of the method class in ORCHID (calibrated) or a documented prior; printed values and printed uncertainties are unchanged.

Table: Uncertainty budget of the literature values of GeO2

| Value | Unit | Printed | Reading | Method (class, basis) | Composition | Scatter | Conversion | Effective |
|---:|---|---:|---:|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| -574 | kJ/mol (basis unstated) |  | 0.05 | 13.8 (emf, cleaned_below_threshold) |  |  |  | 13.8 |
| -556 | kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 8 | 0.05 | 9.6 (solution_reaction_calorimetry, calibrated) |  |  |  | 9.6 |
| -556 | kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 5 | 0.05 | 10.5 (equilibration_other, calibrated) |  |  |  | 10.5 |
| -555.4 | kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 2 | 0.05 | 10.5 (equilibration_other, calibrated) |  |  |  | 10.5 |
| -554.7 | kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 1 | 0.05 | 3 (combustion_calorimetry, cleaned_below_threshold) |  |  |  | 3 |
| -554.7 | kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 1 | 0.05 | 13.8 (emf, cleaned_below_threshold) |  |  |  | 13.8 |
| -553 | kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 5 | 0.05 | 9.6 (solution_reaction_calorimetry, calibrated) |  |  |  | 9.6 |
| -540.1 | kJ/mol (basis unstated) |  | 0.05 | 3 (combustion_calorimetry, cleaned_below_threshold) |  |  |  | 3 |
| -538 | kJ/mol (basis unstated) |  | 0.05 | 3 (combustion_calorimetry, cleaned_below_threshold) |  |  |  | 3 |
| -536 | kJ/mol (basis unstated) |  | 0.05 | 3 (combustion_calorimetry, cleaned_below_threshold) |  |  |  | 3 |
| -556.5 | kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 2 | 0.05 | 11.7 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 11.7 |
| -556.1 | kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 2 | 0.05 | 11.7 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 11.7 |
| -554.7 | kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 1 | 0.05 | 11.7 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 11.7 |
| -553.82 | kJ/mol (basis unstated) |  | 0.005 | 11.7 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 11.7 |

## Sources

1. A. T. Dinsdale, A. Akhmetova, A. V. Khvan, N. Aristova, A Critical Assessment of Thermodynamic and Phase Diagram Data for the Ge-O System, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 36, 254-261 (2015). [doi:10.1007/s11669-015-0379-1](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-015-0379-1)

## Please cite

- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Parity: DFT-vs-experiment formation-enthalpy benchmark (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735943
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0); G. Kim, S. V. Meschel, P. Nash, W. Chen, Experimental formation enthalpies for intermetallic phases and other inorganic compounds, Scientific Data 4 (2017) 170162, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.162; B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file.

Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

```bibtex
@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_dft_benchmark_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Parity: DFT-vs-experiment formation-enthalpy benchmark}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735943},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735943},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}
```

---

Derived data CC BY 4.0 ([licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)): cite ORCHID ([CITATION.cff](https://data.orchid-project.org/CITATION.cff)) and the original sources. Quotes are short excerpts kept so that each value can be checked; they remain under the publishers' copyright and are not relicensed. Source papers, page images and full text are not redistributed. Field reference: [SCHEMA.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/SCHEMA.md). Machine-readable guide: [llms.txt](https://data.orchid-project.org/llms.txt). Found an error? The report link of a value (Markdown: its id, ORC-..., in the Location column) opens a pre-filled GitHub issue, https://github.com/orchid-calphad/orchid-data/issues/new?template=report-value-error.yml&record_id=\<id>, carrying only the record id, source and value; [how to contribute](https://orchid-project.org/contribute/).