# RuSi: enthalpy of formation

> Enthalpy of formation of RuSi: 18 literature value(s) with sources, pages and quotes and DFT values (Materials Project / OQMD), from ORCHID.

HTML: https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/RuSi.html · Markdown: https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/RuSi.md

18 accepted literature formation-enthalpy value(s) (experimental 8, model 10); experimental median -57.9 kJ/mol-atom (n = 8); Materials Project -62.629 kJ/mol-atom (mp-aaaaaahh); OQMD -61.662 kJ/mol-atom (oqmd-14277).

Systems: [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html)

## Literature values

Table: Enthalpy of formation of RuSi reported in the literature (18)

| Value | Phase as printed | T (K) | Class | Method | System | Source | Location | Quote |
|---:|---|---:|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -58.3 kJ/mol-atom ± 2.1 | RuSi | 298.15 | experimental | High temperature direct synthesis calorimetry | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [1] Liu 2001; _cites Meschel 1998_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388%2898%2900504-0) | Table 1, p. 2, row 1; `ORC-C7UO2OD6VS` |  |
| -58.3 kJ/mol-atom ± 2.1 | RuSi | 298.15 | experimental | High temperature calorimetry | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [2] Long 2009; _cites Meschel 1998_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388%2898%2900504-0) | Table 1, p. 2, row 6; `ORC-YI46HFFZGP` |  |
| -58.1 kJ/mol-atom ± 3.7 | RuSi | 298.15 | experimental | Solute–solvent drop calorimetry | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [2] Long 2009; _cites Topor 1988_ | Table 1, p. 2, row 7; `ORC-EWAENUR3FG` |  |
| -58.1 kJ/mol-atom ± 3.7 | RuSi | 298.15 | experimental | Solute-solvent drop calorimetry | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [1] Liu 2001; _cites Topor 1988_ | Table 1, p. 2, row 4; `ORC-JB5BUJUOKL` |  |
| -57.7 kJ/mol-atom ± 1.4 | RuSi | 1505 | experimental | High temperature calorimetry | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [2] Long 2009; _cites Perring 1997_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6031%2897%2900041-5) | Table 1, p. 2, row 5; `ORC-GZGM2OQUYO` |  |
| -57.7 kJ/mol-atom ± 1.4 | RuSi | 1505 | experimental | High temperature calorimetry | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [1] Liu 2001; _cites Perring 1997_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6031%2897%2900041-5) | Table 1, p. 2, row 2; `ORC-STGXWO3THX` |  |
| -56.5 kJ/mol-atom | RuSi | 298.15 | experimental |  | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [1] Liu 2001; _cites Kuntz 1997_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1006/jssc.1997.7508) | Table 1, p. 2, row 3; `ORC-YBNIV6Y7FX` |  |
| -33.4 kJ/mol-atom | RuSi | 298.15 | experimental |  | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [1] Liu 2001; _cites Pretorius 1978_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101%2878%2990335-0) | Table 1, p. 2, row 9; `ORC-I7HZ5XJOMT` |  |
| -57.641 kJ/mol-atom | RuSi | 298.15 | model | Assessment | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [2] Long 2009 | Table 1, p. 2, row 10; `ORC-3IXLGVOQ6Z` |  |
| -56.454 kJ/mol-atom | RuSi | 298.15 | model | Assessment | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [2] Long 2009; _cites Liu 2001_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388%2801%2900931-8) | Table 1, p. 2, row 9; `ORC-ICSUDGKIN5` |  |
| -56.454 kJ/mol-atom | RuSi |  | model | Assessment | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [1] Liu 2001 | Table 1, p. 2, row 12; `ORC-KQTZKB653I` |  |
| -52.988 kJ/mol-atom | RuSi | 298.15 | model | Assessment | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [2] Long 2009; _cites Du 2001_ | Table 1, p. 2, row 8; `ORC-ZMCC6QMOKX` |  |
| -43.9 kJ/mol-atom | RuSi |  | model | Prediction | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [1] Liu 2001; _cites Pasturel 1984_ | Table 1, p. 2, row 6; `ORC-RXKJTAQATI` |  |
| -42 kJ/mol-atom | RuSi |  | model | Assessment | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [1] Liu 2001; _cites Chart 1973_ | Table 1, p. 2, row 10; `ORC-SUMEBNAEIC` |  |
| -39.2 kJ/mol-atom | RuSi |  | model | Prediction | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [1] Liu 2001; _cites Machlin 1981_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2881%2990013-4) | Table 1, p. 2, row 8; `ORC-MELN6QBWZM` |  |
| -33.4 kJ/mol-atom | RuSi |  | model | Assessment | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [1] Liu 2001; _cites Searcy 1962_ | Table 1, p. 2, row 11; `ORC-XGFBWWXFXY` |  |
| -33.2 kJ/mol-atom | RuSi |  | model | Estimation | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [1] Liu 2001; _cites Petersson 1982_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1063/1.331319) | Table 1, p. 2, row 7; `ORC-KDF54H5FFX` |  |
| -32 kJ/mol-atom | RuSi |  | model | Prediction | [Ru–Si](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/RU-SI.html) | [1] Liu 2001; _cites F 1988_ | Table 1, p. 2, row 5; `ORC-ASPW3P4MXT` |  |

### Uncertainty budget

Components kept separate, in the value's unit (literature [SCHEMA.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/SCHEMA.md), [UNCERTAINTY_CALIBRATION.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/UNCERTAINTY_CALIBRATION.md)): effective = max(sqrt(max(printed, reading, method)^2 + composition^2 + conversion^2), scatter). The method floor is the robust between-study scatter of the method class in ORCHID (calibrated) or a documented prior; printed values and printed uncertainties are unchanged.

Table: Uncertainty budget of the literature values of RuSi

| Value | Unit | Printed | Reading | Method (class, basis) | Composition | Scatter | Conversion | Effective |
|---:|---|---:|---:|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| -58.3 | kJ/mol-atom | 2.1 | 0.05 | 3.2 (solution_reaction_calorimetry, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.2 |
| -58.3 | kJ/mol-atom | 2.1 | 0.05 | 3.2 (solution_reaction_calorimetry, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.2 |
| -58.1 | kJ/mol-atom | 3.7 | 0.05 | 3.2 (solution_reaction_calorimetry, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.7 |
| -58.1 | kJ/mol-atom | 3.7 | 0.05 | 3.2 (solution_reaction_calorimetry, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.7 |
| -57.7 | kJ/mol-atom | 1.4 | 0.05 | 3.2 (solution_reaction_calorimetry, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.2 |
| -57.7 | kJ/mol-atom | 1.4 | 0.05 | 3.2 (solution_reaction_calorimetry, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.2 |
| -56.5 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 0.05 | 3.5 (unknown, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| -33.4 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 0.05 | 3.5 (unknown, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.5 |
| -57.641 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| -56.454 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| -56.454 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| -52.988 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 5.000e-4 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| -43.9 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 0.05 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| -42 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 0.5 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| -39.2 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 0.05 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| -33.4 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 0.05 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| -33.2 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 0.05 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |
| -32 | kJ/mol-atom |  | 0.5 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) |  |  |  | 3.9 |

## DFT formation energies

Lowest-energy entries at this composition. Materials Project and OQMD use different energy references and are never averaged. 1 eV/atom = 96.485 kJ/mol-atom.

Table: DFT formation energy of RuSi

| Source | Entry | kJ/mol-atom | eV/atom | Space group | E above hull (kJ/mol-atom) | E above hull (eV/atom) | Theoretical |
|---|---|---:|---:|---|---:|---:|---|
| Materials Project | mp-aaaaaahh | -62.629 | -0.649104 | P2_13 | 0 | 0 | no |
| OQMD | oqmd-14277 | -61.662 | -0.63908 | P213 | 0 | 0 | no |

DFT sources: A. Jain et al., Commentary: The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002. [doi:10.1063/1.4812323](https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323) (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501-1509; S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010. [doi:10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4) (CC BY 4.0); 

## Sources

1. Y.Q. Liu, G. Shao, K.P. Homewood, Thermodynamic assessment of the Ru–Si and Os–Si systems, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 320, 72-79 (2001). [doi:10.1016/s0925-8388(01)00931-8](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388%2801%2900931-8)
2. Z.H. Long, H.S. Liu, Z.P. Jin, Thermodynamic description of Ru–Ge–Si ternary system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 479, 262-267 (2009). [doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079)

## Please cite

- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Parity: DFT-vs-experiment formation-enthalpy benchmark (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735943
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0); G. Kim, S. V. Meschel, P. Nash, W. Chen, Experimental formation enthalpies for intermetallic phases and other inorganic compounds, Scientific Data 4 (2017) 170162, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.162; B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file.

Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

```bibtex
@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_dft_benchmark_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Parity: DFT-vs-experiment formation-enthalpy benchmark}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735943},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735943},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}
```

---

Derived data CC BY 4.0 ([licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)): cite ORCHID ([CITATION.cff](https://data.orchid-project.org/CITATION.cff)) and the original sources. Quotes are short excerpts kept so that each value can be checked; they remain under the publishers' copyright and are not relicensed. Source papers, page images and full text are not redistributed. Field reference: [SCHEMA.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/SCHEMA.md). Machine-readable guide: [llms.txt](https://data.orchid-project.org/llms.txt). Found an error? The report link of a value (Markdown: its id, ORC-..., in the Location column) opens a pre-filled GitHub issue, https://github.com/orchid-calphad/orchid-data/issues/new?template=report-value-error.yml&record_id=\<id>, carrying only the record id, source and value; [how to contribute](https://orchid-project.org/contribute/).