# U2C3: enthalpy of formation > Enthalpy of formation of U2C3: 4 literature value(s) with sources, pages and quotes and DFT values (Materials Project / OQMD), from ORCHID. HTML: https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/U2C3.html · Markdown: https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/U2C3.md 4 accepted literature formation-enthalpy value(s) (experimental 2, model 2); experimental median -38.688 kJ/mol-atom (n = 2); Materials Project -11.927 kJ/mol-atom (mp-aaaaadwz); OQMD -12.269 kJ/mol-atom (oqmd-5019). Systems: [C–U](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/C-U.html) ## Literature values Table: Enthalpy of formation of U2C3 reported in the literature (4) | Value | Phase as printed | T (K) | Class | Method | System | Source | Location | Quote | |---:|---|---:|---|---|---|---|---|---| | -41.003 kJ/mol-atom ± 3.347 | U2C3 | 298.15 | experimental | | [C–U](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/C-U.html) | [1] Chevalier 2001; _cites Hultgren 1973_ | Table 21, p. 17, row 28; `ORC-XPCVX2GVQA.e56f91` | | | -36.373 kJ/mol-atom ± 1.45 | U2C3 | 298.15 | experimental | | [C–U](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/C-U.html) | [1] Chevalier 2001; _cites Tetenbaum 1971_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115%2871%2990121-8) | Table 21, p. 17, row 27; `ORC-L4EOA2SNCV.5e5e86` | | | -38.349 kJ/mol-atom | C0.600U0.400(ε) | 298.15 | model | | [C–U](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/C-U.html) | [1] Chevalier 2001 | Table 34, p. 28, row 10; `ORC-3U6G7UVWQG.507f4c` | | | -38.349 kJ/mol-atom | U2C3 | 298.15 | model | | [C–U](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/C-U.html) | [1] Chevalier 2001 | Table 21, p. 17, row 29; `ORC-4TLA46EVWK.0b4f64` | | ### Uncertainty budget Components kept separate, in the value's unit (literature [SCHEMA.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/SCHEMA.md), [UNCERTAINTY_CALIBRATION.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/UNCERTAINTY_CALIBRATION.md)): effective = max(sqrt(max(printed, reading, method)^2 + composition^2 + conversion^2), scatter). The method floor is the robust between-study scatter of the method class in ORCHID (calibrated) or a documented prior; printed values and printed uncertainties are unchanged. Table: Uncertainty budget of the literature values of U2C3 | Value | Unit | Printed | Reading | Method (class, basis) | Composition | Scatter | Conversion | Effective | |---:|---|---:|---:|---|---:|---:|---:|---:| | -41.003 | kJ/mol-atom | 3.347 | 5.000e-4 | 3.5 (unknown, calibrated) | | | | 3.5 | | -36.373 | kJ/mol-atom | 1.45 | 5.000e-4 | 3.5 (unknown, calibrated) | | | | 3.5 | | -38.349 | kJ/mol-atom | | 5.000e-5 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) | | | | 3.9 | | -38.349 | kJ/mol-atom | | 5.000e-4 | 3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated) | | | | 3.9 | ## DFT formation energies Lowest-energy entries at this composition. Materials Project and OQMD use different energy references and are never averaged. 1 eV/atom = 96.485 kJ/mol-atom. Table: DFT formation energy of U2C3 | Source | Entry | kJ/mol-atom | eV/atom | Space group | E above hull (kJ/mol-atom) | E above hull (eV/atom) | Theoretical | |---|---|---:|---:|---|---:|---:|---| | Materials Project | mp-aaaaadwz | -11.927 | -0.123616 | I-43d | 0 | 0 | no | | OQMD | oqmd-5019 | -12.269 | -0.12716 | I-43d | 0 | 0 | no | DFT sources: A. Jain et al., Commentary: The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002. [doi:10.1063/1.4812323](https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323) (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501-1509; S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010. [doi:10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4) (CC BY 4.0); ## Sources 1. P.Y Chevalier, E Fischer, Thermodynamic modelling of the C–U and B–U binary systems, Journal of Nuclear Materials 288, 100-129 (2001). [doi:10.1016/s0022-3115(00)00713-3](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115%2800%2900713-3) ## Please cite - R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569 - R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Parity: DFT-vs-experiment formation-enthalpy benchmark (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735943 - R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065 Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0); G. Kim, S. V. Meschel, P. Nash, W. Chen, Experimental formation enthalpies for intermetallic phases and other inorganic compounds, Scientific Data 4 (2017) 170162, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.162; B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file. Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes. ```bibtex @misc{orchid_literature_2026, author = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon}, title = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}}, version = {2026.10}, publisher = {Zenodo}, year = {2026}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569}, note = {Version 1, machine-extracted} } @misc{orchid_dft_benchmark_2026, author = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon}, title = {{ORCHID-Parity: DFT-vs-experiment formation-enthalpy benchmark}}, version = {2026.10}, publisher = {Zenodo}, year = {2026}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23735943}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735943}, note = {Version 1, machine-extracted} } @misc{orchid_data_2026, author = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon}, title = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}}, version = {2026.10}, publisher = {Zenodo}, year = {2026}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065}, note = {Version 1, machine-extracted} } ``` --- Derived data CC BY 4.0 ([licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)): cite ORCHID ([CITATION.cff](https://data.orchid-project.org/CITATION.cff)) and the original sources. Quotes are short excerpts kept so that each value can be checked; they remain under the publishers' copyright and are not relicensed. Source papers, page images and full text are not redistributed. Field reference: [SCHEMA.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/SCHEMA.md). Machine-readable guide: [llms.txt](https://data.orchid-project.org/llms.txt). Found an error? The report link of a value (Markdown: its id, ORC-..., in the Location column) opens a pre-filled GitHub issue, https://github.com/orchid-calphad/orchid-data/issues/new?template=report-value-error.yml&record_id=\, carrying only the record id, source and value; [how to contribute](https://orchid-project.org/contribute/).