# Al–C system > Al–C system: 54 accepted literature values (formation 25, heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy 14, phase transition 10, activity / EMF / Gibbs energy 4) and 6 calculated phase diagram(s) from ORCHID, each value with evidence class, source, page and quote. HTML: https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/AL-C.html · Markdown: https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/AL-C.md 54 accepted literature values from 4 paper(s) (experimental 29, model 22, DFT 3); 6 calculated phase diagram(s). 22 further extracted value(s) not accepted by the reader-agreement checks are only in the JSON/CSV. Data: [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/systems/AL-C.json) · [CSV](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/AL-C.csv) · [interactive explorer](https://orchid-project.org/data-explorer/#AL-C) · [interactive phase diagram](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#AL-C/AlC-04Oht.json) · [phases (8)](https://data.orchid-project.org/phases/pages/AL-C.html) · [papers (bibliography)](https://data.orchid-project.org/bibliography/pages/systems/AL-C.html) · [Markdown](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/AL-C.md) Table: Accepted values by evidence class | Evidence class | Values | |---|---:| | experimental | 29 | | model | 22 | | DFT | 3 | Table: Accepted values by property group | Property group | Values | |---|---:| | invariant reaction | 1 | | phase transition | 10 | | formation | 25 | | heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy | 14 | | activity / EMF / Gibbs energy | 4 | ## Calculated phase diagrams Binary phase diagrams calculated with pycalphad 0.11.2 from the SGTE binary collection (Hallstedt 2025, CC BY 4.0). Evidence class: model. Table: Assessments with a calculated phase diagram | TDB file | Assessment | SHA-256 | Links | |---|---|---|---| | AlC-04Oht.tdb | H. Ohtani, M. Yamano, M. Hasebe, Calphad, 28, 177-90(2004) [doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2004.08.003](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2004.08.003) | `e0359ec92f728c9d083c8f25632a8adcf98114ab39166596e5b8ada855e0c055` | [viewer](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#AL-C/AlC-04Oht.json) · [TDB](https://orchid-project.org/data/databases/sgte-binary/AlC-04Oht.tdb) · [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/sgte/AlC-04Oht.json) | | AlC-19Def.tdb | G. Deffrennes, B. Gardiola, M. Allam, D. Chaussende, A. Pisch, J. Andrieux, R. Schmid-Fetzer, O. Dezellus, Calphad, 66, 101648(2019). [doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2019.101648](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2019.101648) | `e41f1fe9d140d2fb9dcd5b193b980c5d8cfa17fc0d558cba6f4bfa35e764f803` | [viewer](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#AL-C/AlC-19Def.json) · [TDB](https://orchid-project.org/data/databases/sgte-binary/AlC-19Def.tdb) · [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/sgte/AlC-19Def.json) | | AlC-21He-3g.tdb | Z. He, B. Kaplan, H. Mao, M. Selleby, Calphad, 72, 102250(2021). [doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2021.102250](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2021.102250) | `d59c8ca38ae9ee7e75726152d92e71935fc0c5d6aad8a1f4600a2374b490ae0e` | [viewer](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#AL-C/AlC-21He-3g.json) · [TDB](https://orchid-project.org/data/databases/sgte-binary/AlC-21He-3g.tdb) · [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/sgte/AlC-21He-3g.json) | | AlC-91Har.tdb | K.C. Hari Kumar, V. Raghavan, J. Phase Equilib., 12, 275-86(1991). [doi:10.1007/BF02649916](https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02649916) | `b9df7c92c4005d6352669ef1b845a124ff1d88f50d80b51b2ddce5a00c77e493` | [viewer](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#AL-C/AlC-91Har.json) · [TDB](https://orchid-project.org/data/databases/sgte-binary/AlC-91Har.tdb) · [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/sgte/AlC-91Har.json) | | AlC-94Qiu.tdb | C. Qiu, R. Metselaar, J. Alloys Compd., 216, 55-60(1994). [doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)91042-1](https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-8388%2894%2991042-1) | `e7bd588e9981ad7d6ea0efadf58e0482b9243e5bfcb78b55d9f280fda7253632` | [viewer](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#AL-C/AlC-94Qiu.json) · [TDB](https://orchid-project.org/data/databases/sgte-binary/AlC-94Qiu.tdb) · [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/sgte/AlC-94Qiu.json) | | AlC-95Gro-LB.tdb | J. Groebner, H.L. Lukas, F. Aldinger, J. Alloys Compd., 220, 8-14(1995) [doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)06028-2](https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-8388%2894%2906028-2) | `39c020c75ad739cafaa9db0b70b1943ed55525fe98e08c13c2d97804aa32e152` | [viewer](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#AL-C/AlC-95Gro-LB.json) · [TDB](https://orchid-project.org/data/databases/sgte-binary/AlC-95Gro-LB.tdb) · [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/sgte/AlC-95Gro-LB.json) | Table: Calculated three-phase invariants (model, mole fraction of the second component) | TDB file | T (K) | Phases at the invariant | |---|---:|---| | AlC-04Oht.tdb | 2455.51 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.18154) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-04Oht.tdb | 2455.51 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.18152) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-04Oht.tdb | 2455.51 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.18151) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-04Oht.tdb | 933.65 | LIQUID (x(C) 0) + FCC_A1 (x(C) 2.600e-4) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) | | AlC-19Def.tdb | 2879.85 | GAS (x(C) 0.17508) + LIQUID (x(C) 0.3884) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-19Def.tdb | 2879.85 | GAS (x(C) 0.17505) + LIQUID (x(C) 0.38834) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-19Def.tdb | 2410.68 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.1954) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-19Def.tdb | 2410.68 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.19524) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-19Def.tdb | 2410.68 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.19515) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-19Def.tdb | 933.78 | LIQUID (x(C) 0) + FCC_A1 (x(C) 4.600e-4) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) | | AlC-21He-3g.tdb | 2859.78 | GAS (x(C) 0.17737) + LIQUID (x(C) 0.31995) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-21He-3g.tdb | 2859.78 | GAS (x(C) 0.17705) + LIQUID (x(C) 0.31962) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-21He-3g.tdb | 2424.89 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.17878) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-21He-3g.tdb | 2424.89 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.17873) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-21He-3g.tdb | 933.68 | LIQUID (x(C) 0) + FCC_A1 (x(C) 3.000e-4) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) | | AlC-91Har.tdb | 2453.07 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.18792) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-91Har.tdb | 2453.07 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.1878) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-91Har.tdb | 2453.07 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.18773) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-91Har.tdb | 933.47 | FCC_A1 (x(C) 0) + LIQUID (x(C) 0) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) | | AlC-94Qiu.tdb | 2434.47 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.17083) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-94Qiu.tdb | 2434.47 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.17073) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-94Qiu.tdb | 2434.47 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.17064) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-94Qiu.tdb | 933.47 | FCC_A1 (x(C) 0) + LIQUID (x(C) 0) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) | | AlC-95Gro-LB.tdb | 2980.05 | GAS (x(C) 0.16126) + LIQUID (x(C) 0.39739) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-95Gro-LB.tdb | 2980.05 | GAS (x(C) 0.16124) + LIQUID (x(C) 0.39737) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-95Gro-LB.tdb | 2428.93 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.20283) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-95Gro-LB.tdb | 2428.93 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.20265) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-95Gro-LB.tdb | 2428.93 | LIQUID (x(C) 0.20261) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) + GRAPHITE_A9 (x(C) 1) | | AlC-95Gro-LB.tdb | 933.58 | LIQUID (x(C) 0) + FCC_A1 (x(C) 1.500e-4) + AL4C3_D71 (x(C) 0.42857) | Convex hulls: [Materials Project DFT hull](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/dft-mp/AL/AL-C.json) · [OQMD DFT hull](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/dft-oqmd/AL/AL-C.json) · [CALPHAD hull AlC-04Oht](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/calphad-sgte/AL/AL-C--AlC-04Oht.json) · [CALPHAD hull AlC-19Def](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/calphad-sgte/AL/AL-C--AlC-19Def.json) · [CALPHAD hull AlC-91Har](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/calphad-sgte/AL/AL-C--AlC-91Har.json) · [CALPHAD hull AlC-94Qiu](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/calphad-sgte/AL/AL-C--AlC-94Qiu.json) · [CALPHAD hull AlC-95Gro-LB](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/calphad-sgte/AL/AL-C--AlC-95Gro-LB.json) ## Invariant reactions (literature) Table: Invariant reactions reported in the literature for the Al–C system (1) | T (K) | Reaction / phases | Compositions (mole fraction) | Class | Source | Location | Quote | |---:|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 2425 | peritectic | | experimental | [1] Deffrennes 2019 | p. 1; `ORC-JTLVSUYH7M` | “The data on the solubility of carbon in liquid Al and on the thermodynamic properties of Al4C3 were assessed, and the peritectic decomposition temperature of Al4C3 was confirmed at 2425±15 K by thermal analysis.” | ## Formation enthalpies Literature values in kJ/mol-atom where the per-atom basis is known. DFT columns: the lowest-energy entry at the same composition (Materials Project 2026.04.13, OQMD v1.8; different energy references, never averaged), from [dft_parity.json](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/dft_parity.json). Table: Enthalpies of formation, Al–C system (25) | Phase | Compound | Value | T (K) | Class | MP DFT (kJ/mol-atom) | OQMD DFT (kJ/mol-atom) | Source | Location | Quote | |---|---|---:|---:|---|---:|---:|---|---|---| | Al4C3 | | -145.8 per mol-atom | 298.15 | experimental | | | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Berthelot 1901_ | Table 5, p. 8, row 5; `ORC-GQPALVE3FM` | | | Al4C3 | | -132 per mol-atom | 298.15 | experimental | | | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Thoburn 1964_ | Table 5, p. 8, row 4; `ORC-WJX3KBYI4D` | | | Al4C3 | | -37.8 per mol-atom | 298.15 | experimental | | | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Prescott 1928_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01399a011) | Table 5, p. 8, row 12; `ORC-LQ44ALDXCA` | | | Al4C3 | | -36 per mol-atom | 298.15 | experimental | | | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Prescott 1927_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01410a013) | Table 5, p. 8, row 11; `ORC-KZPVUBQEW7` | | | Al4C3 | | -35.3 per mol-atom ± 3.3 | 298.15 | experimental | | | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Meschi 1959_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1021/j150577a036) | Table 5, p. 8, row 10; `ORC-KZH6WOVWPK` | | | Al4C3 | | -35.2 per mol-atom ± 2.5 | 298.15 | experimental | | | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Potter 1966_ | Table 5, p. 8, row 9; `ORC-RQDJFQ36NB` | | | Al4C3 | | -31.9 per mol-atom ± 1.2 | 298.15 | experimental | | | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Mah 1964_ | Table 5, p. 8, row 3; `ORC-NTHYKQOUBA` | | | Al4C3 | [Al4C3](https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/Al4C3.html) | -31.5 kJ/mol-atom | 298.15 | model | -8.807 (mp-aaaaacjf) | -9.446 (oqmd-646102) | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites ref. 15_ | Table 7, p. 14, row 4; `ORC-F4FQS6ZE2X.80b3dc` | | | Al4C3 | [Al4C3](https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/Al4C3.html) | -31.5 kJ/mol-atom | 298.15 | model | -8.807 (mp-aaaaacjf) | -9.446 (oqmd-646102) | [2] He 2021; _cites Grobner 1995_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-8388%2894%2906028-2) | Table 5, p. 12, row 4; `ORC-WBRE5IQO2U.d04a72` | | | Al4C3 | | -30.6 per mol-atom ± 2.8 | 298.15 | experimental | | | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Plante 1966_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.070a.022) | Table 5, p. 8, row 8; `ORC-OZKYPTQ22G` | | | Al4C3 | | -29.7 per mol-atom ± 0.7 | 298.15 | experimental | | | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites King 1964_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.068a.066) | Table 5, p. 8, row 2; `ORC-UGP2PYPITH` | | | Al4C3 | [Al4C3](https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/Al4C3.html) | -29.6 kJ/mol-atom | 298.15 | model | -8.807 (mp-aaaaacjf) | -9.446 (oqmd-646102) | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites ref. 14_ | Table 7, p. 14, row 3; `ORC-3RHBCVCIQM.a68f55` | | | Al4C3 | [Al4C3](https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/Al4C3.html) | -29.6 kJ/mol-atom | 298.15 | model | -8.807 (mp-aaaaacjf) | -9.446 (oqmd-646102) | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites ref. 17_ | Table 7, p. 14, row 5; `ORC-6FX4ADI5V6.6c04e7` | | | Al4C3 | [Al4C3](https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/Al4C3.html) | -29.6 kJ/mol-atom | 298.15 | model | -8.807 (mp-aaaaacjf) | -9.446 (oqmd-646102) | [2] He 2021; _cites Caian 1994_ | Table 5, p. 12, row 3; `ORC-NM6YKB7I4E.c9bb7d` | | | Al4C3 | | -29.6 per mol-atom ± 0.3 | 298.15 | experimental | | | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Blachnik 1970_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9706601058) | Table 5, p. 8, row 6; `ORC-NTIBNHM7MY` | | | Al4C3 | [Al4C3](https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/Al4C3.html) | -28.5 kJ/mol-atom | 298.15 | model | -8.807 (mp-aaaaacjf) | -9.446 (oqmd-646102) | [2] He 2021 | Table 5, p. 12, row 6; `ORC-6Z5DBOUA7Y.d38350` | | | Al4C3 | [Al4C3](https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/Al4C3.html) | -27.6 kJ/mol-atom | 298.15 | model | -8.807 (mp-aaaaacjf) | -9.446 (oqmd-646102) | [1] Deffrennes 2019 | Table 7, p. 14, row 6; `ORC-242BY7NNE5.f80c95` | | | Al4C3 | [Al4C3](https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/Al4C3.html) | -27.6 kJ/mol-atom | 298.15 | model | -8.807 (mp-aaaaacjf) | -9.446 (oqmd-646102) | [2] He 2021; _cites Deffrennes 2019_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2019.101648) | Table 5, p. 12, row 5; `ORC-2HP5YAQZUL.6c5487` | | | Al4C3 | | -26.4 kJ/mol-atom | 298.15 | DFT | | | [2] He 2021; _cites Pisch 2020_ | Table 5, p. 12, row 1; `ORC-FPO25HWMW3.eae256` | | | Al4C3 | | -26.2 per mol-atom | 298.15 | DFT | | | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Pisch 2019_ | Table 5, p. 8, row 15; `ORC-5S5UTGWFCL` | | | Al4C3 | [Al4C3](https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/Al4C3.html) | -26.2 kJ/mol-atom | 298.15 | experimental | -8.807 (mp-aaaaacjf) | -9.446 (oqmd-646102) | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Saba 1962_ | Table 7, p. 14, row 2; `ORC-GCZG5SCLHX.5e1ccb` | | | Al4C3 | | -24.9 per mol-atom ± 2.4 | 298.15 | experimental | | | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Rinehart 1980_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614%2880%2990038-5) | Table 5, p. 8, row 13; `ORC-5GKUJVO3DV` | | | Al4C3 | | -23.9 per mol-atom ± 1.8 | 298.15 | experimental | | | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Meichsner 1934_ | Table 5, p. 8, row 1; `ORC-UMVJIJX2EX` | | | Al4C3 | | -18.3 per mol-atom ± 1 | 298.15 | experimental | | | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Meschel 1995_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-8388%2895%2901649-x) | Table 5, p. 8, row 7; `ORC-AUPWRUCYCF` | | | Al4C3 | | -17.9 per mol-atom ± 2.4 | 298.15 | experimental | | | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Thoburn 1964_ | Table 5, p. 8, row 14; `ORC-UCQMWKVVOH` | | ## Other properties ### Phase transition (10) Table: Phase transition, Al–C system | Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote | |---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---| | Phase transition | 1567 K | 1567 | other | model | [3] Kumar 1991 | p. 7; `ORC-S4TXZG3Q3A` | “Atemperature maximum (e2 in Fig. 6) at 1567 K (1294 \*C) is also predicted on the (L + A14C3 + a) liquidus line at 44.0 at.% AI and 0.35 at.% C.” | | Phase transition | 1601 K | 1601 | other | model | [3] Kumar 1991 | p. 7; `ORC-WWUHIF7UTG` | “A temperature maximum (el in Fig. 6) at 1601 K (1328 "C) corresponds to the three-phase equilibrium oflc, liquid of 24.1 at. % AI and 6.6 at. % C, and bcc (a) of 26.2 at.% Aland 1.0 at.% C.” | | Phase transition | 2253 K | 2253 | peritectic: Long as reported by \[2\] 64Str; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | experimental | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites ref. 64Str_ | Table 4, p. 6, row 2; `ORC-QAM2MLRRZH` | | | Phase transition | 2263 K | 2263 | peritectic: \[18\] 91Sch; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | experimental | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites ref. 91Sch_ | Table 4, p. 6, row 6; `ORC-ULMO5UU6SD` | | | Phase transition | 2298 K | 2298 | peritectic: Searcy as reported by \[2\] 64Str; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | experimental | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites ref. 64Str_ | Table 4, p. 6, row 1; `ORC-R744X33C4O` | | | Phase transition | 2323 K | 2323 | peritectic: \[21\] 65Gin; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | experimental | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites ref. 65Gin_ | Table 4, p. 6, row 3; `ORC-LGXORLFHUV` | | | Phase transition | 2408 K | 2408 | peritectic: \[19\] 66Git; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | experimental | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites ref. 66Git_ | Table 4, p. 6, row 4; `ORC-FW4LY7CS7T` | | | Phase transition | 2428 K | 2428 | peritectic: \[23\] 87Ode; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | experimental | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites ref. 87Ode_ | Table 4, p. 6, row 5; `ORC-VCU3PSZEWV` | | | Phase transition | 4130 K | 4130 | graphite + liquid | experimental | [2] He 2021 | p. 2; `ORC-4DJA36LMLG.0fa7bd` | “A lower melting point (4130 K) of graphite was selected in their work compared to the one used in the SGTE compilation of the elements (4765 K) \[11\] based on the assessment by Gustafson \[16\].” | | Phase transition | 4765 K | 4765 | graphite + liquid | model | [2] He 2021; _cites Dinsdale 1991_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2891%2990030-n) | p. 2; `ORC-4DJA36LMLG.72ca57` | “A lower melting point (4130 K) of graphite was selected in their work compared to the one used in the SGTE compilation of the elements (4765 K) \[11\] based on the assessment by Gustafson \[16\].” | ### Heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy (14) Table: Heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy, Al–C system | Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote | |---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---| | Entropy; _printed: entropy of formation_ | 88.97 J.K-1.mol-1 | 298.15 | | model | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Pisch 2019_ | p. 7; `ORC-AQM5QIU3WY.3156ac` | “In fact, the entropy of formation of Al4C3 at 298 K that was found to be 88.97 J.K-1.mol-1 from integrating the ab-initio heat capacity \[30\] is in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 89.12 J.K-1.mol-1 proposed by Saba and Furukawa \[31\] and with their fitted value of 88.97 J.K-1.mol-1 \[28\].” | | Entropy; _printed: entropy of formation_ | 89.12 J.K-1.mol-1 | 298.15 | | experimental | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Saba 1962_ | p. 7; `ORC-AQM5QIU3WY.dcbc6a` | “In fact, the entropy of formation of Al4C3 at 298 K that was found to be 88.97 J.K-1.mol-1 from integrating the ab-initio heat capacity \[30\] is in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 89.12 J.K-1.mol-1 proposed by Saba and Furukawa \[31\] and with their fitted value of 88.97 J.K-1.mol-1 \[28\].” | | Entropy; _printed: ΔfS°298.15 K_ | 89.1 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | Al4C3; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | model | [1] Deffrennes 2019 | Table 7, p. 14, row 6; `ORC-242BY7NNE5.48e3e5` | | | Entropy; _printed: Standard entropy of formation at 298.15 K_ | 89.1 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | Al4C3; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | model | [2] He 2021; _cites Deffrennes 2019_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2019.101648) | Table 5, p. 12, row 5; `ORC-2HP5YAQZUL.0eeea3` | | | Entropy; _printed: ΔfS°298.15 K_ | 87.4 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | Al4C3; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | model | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites ref. 14_ | Table 7, p. 14, row 3; `ORC-3RHBCVCIQM.b628da` | | | Entropy; _printed: ΔfS°298.15 K_ | 87 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | Al4C3; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | model | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites ref. 17_ | Table 7, p. 14, row 5; `ORC-6FX4ADI5V6.3b0906` | | | Entropy; _printed: Standard entropy of formation at 298.15 K_ | 88.89 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | Al4C3; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | model | [2] He 2021 | Table 5, p. 12, row 6; `ORC-6Z5DBOUA7Y.d474cc` | | | Entropy; _printed: ΔfS°298.15 K_ | 89 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | Al4C3; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | model | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites ref. 15_ | Table 7, p. 14, row 4; `ORC-F4FQS6ZE2X.2e46fb` | | | Entropy; _printed: Standard entropy of formation at 298.15 K_ | 89.12 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | Al4C3; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | DFT | [2] He 2021; _cites Pisch 2020_ | Table 5, p. 12, row 1; `ORC-FPO25HWMW3.20f820` | | | Entropy; _printed: ΔfS°298.15 K_ | 88.9 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | Al4C3; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | experimental | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Saba 1962_ | Table 7, p. 14, row 2; `ORC-GCZG5SCLHX.5c51c1` | | | Entropy; _printed: Standard entropy of formation at 298.15 K_ | 87.4 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | Al4C3; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | model | [2] He 2021; _cites Caian 1994_ | Table 5, p. 12, row 3; `ORC-NM6YKB7I4E.898a43` | | | Entropy; _printed: Standard entropy of formation at 298.15 K_ | 88.97 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | Al4C3; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | experimental | [2] He 2021; _cites Saba 1962_ | Table 5, p. 12, row 2; `ORC-QSUKQGTAAV` | | | Entropy; _printed: ΔfS°298.15 K_ | 89.1 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | Al4C3; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | experimental | [1] Deffrennes 2019; _cites Saba 1962_ | Table 7, p. 14, row 1; `ORC-VVBJHOVJVI` | | | Entropy; _printed: Standard entropy of formation at 298.15 K_ | 89 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | Al4C3; _alloy: C 0.428571_ | model | [2] He 2021; _cites Grobner 1995_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-8388%2894%2906028-2) | Table 5, p. 12, row 4; `ORC-WBRE5IQO2U.f49778` | | ### Activity / EMF / Gibbs energy (4) Table: Activity / EMF / Gibbs energy, Al–C system | Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote | |---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---| | Gibbs energy; _printed: Gibbs energy of formation_ | -88 kJ per formula unit | 1873 | | model | [3] Kumar 1991 | p. 7; `ORC-DX2Z4MPZB6.483f4d` | “The value of-88.0 kJ per formula unit obtained for the Gibbs energy of formation of Al,tC3 at 1873 K agrees well with the value-88.8 • 11.2 kJ obtained by \[77Cho\].” | | Gibbs energy; _printed: Gibbs energy of formation_ | -88.8 unspecified ± 11.2 | 1873 | | experimental | [3] Kumar 1991; _cites Choudary 1977_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02669326) | p. 7; `ORC-DX2Z4MPZB6.9cabe9` | “The value of-88.0 kJ per formula unit obtained for the Gibbs energy of formation of Al,tC3 at 1873 K agrees well with the value-88.8 • 11.2 kJ obtained by \[77Cho\].” | | Gibbs energy; _printed: standard Gibbs energy of formation_ | -88.8 kJ mo1-1 | 1873 | | experimental | [4] Qiu 1994; _cites Choudary 1977_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02669326) | p. 4; `ORC-FPN5XEYOPR.5733e2` | “The calculated value at 1873 K is - 72.919 kJ mol- 1 which is less negative than the value -88.8 kJ mo1-1 derived from A1 activity measured in the Fe-AI melt at the same temperature by Choudary and Belton \[25\].” | | Gibbs energy; _printed: standard Gibbs energy of formation_ | -72.919 kJ mol- 1 | 1873 | | model | [4] Qiu 1994 | p. 4; `ORC-FPN5XEYOPR.b6ccb8` | “The calculated value at 1873 K is - 72.919 kJ mol- 1 which is less negative than the value -88.8 kJ mo1-1 derived from A1 activity measured in the Fe-AI melt at the same temperature by Choudary and Belton \[25\].” | ## Sources Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row). 1. G. Deffrennes, B. Gardiola, M. Allam, D. Chaussende, A. Pisch, J. Andrieux et al., Critical assessment and thermodynamic modeling of the Al–C system, Calphad 66, 101648 (2019). [doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2019.101648](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2019.101648) 2. Zhangting He, Bartek Kaplan, Huahai Mao, Malin Selleby, The third generation Calphad description of Al–C including revisions of pure Al and C, Calphad 72, 102250 (2021). [doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2021.102250](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2021.102250) 3. K. C. Hari Kumar, V. Raghavan, A Thermodynamic Analysis of the Al-C-Fe System, JPE 12, 275-286 (1991). [doi:10.1007/bf02649916](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02649916) 4. Caian Qiu, Rudi Metselaar, Solubility of carbon in liquid Al and stability of Al4C3, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 216, 55-60 (1994). [doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)91042-1](https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-8388%2894%2991042-1) ## Please cite - R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569 - R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735859 - R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD) (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735891 - R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065 Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0). Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes. ```bibtex @misc{orchid_literature_2026, author = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon}, title = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}}, version = {2026.10}, publisher = {Zenodo}, year = {2026}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569}, note = {Version 1, machine-extracted} } @misc{orchid_phase_diagrams_2026, author = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon}, title = {{ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams}}, version = {2026.10}, publisher = {Zenodo}, year = {2026}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23735859}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735859} } @misc{orchid_hulls_2026, author = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon}, title = {{ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD)}}, version = {2026.10}, publisher = {Zenodo}, year = {2026}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23735891}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735891} } @misc{orchid_data_2026, author = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon}, title = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}}, version = {2026.10}, publisher = {Zenodo}, year = {2026}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065}, note = {Version 1, machine-extracted} } ``` --- Derived data CC BY 4.0 ([licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)): cite ORCHID ([CITATION.cff](https://data.orchid-project.org/CITATION.cff)) and the original sources. Quotes are short excerpts kept so that each value can be checked; they remain under the publishers' copyright and are not relicensed. Source papers, page images and full text are not redistributed. Field reference: [SCHEMA.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/SCHEMA.md). Machine-readable guide: [llms.txt](https://data.orchid-project.org/llms.txt). Found an error? The report link of a value (Markdown: its id, ORC-..., in the Location column) opens a pre-filled GitHub issue, https://github.com/orchid-calphad/orchid-data/issues/new?template=report-value-error.yml&record_id=\, carrying only the record id, source and value; [how to contribute](https://orchid-project.org/contribute/).