# Al–Th system

> Al–Th system: 30 accepted literature values (invariant reaction 30) and 1 calculated phase diagram(s) from ORCHID, each value with evidence class, source, page and quote.

HTML: https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/AL-TH.html · Markdown: https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/AL-TH.md

30 accepted literature values from 1 paper(s) (experimental 2, model 14, unspecified 14); 1 calculated phase diagram(s).

Data: [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/systems/AL-TH.json) · [CSV](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/AL-TH.csv) · [interactive explorer](https://orchid-project.org/data-explorer/#AL-TH) · [interactive phase diagram](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#AL-TH/AlTh-10Li.json) · [phases (11)](https://data.orchid-project.org/phases/pages/AL-TH.html) · [papers (bibliography)](https://data.orchid-project.org/bibliography/pages/systems/AL-TH.html) · [Markdown](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/AL-TH.md)

Table: Accepted values by evidence class

| Evidence class | Values |
|---|---:|
| experimental | 2 |
| model | 14 |
| unspecified | 14 |

Table: Accepted values by property group

| Property group | Values |
|---|---:|
| invariant reaction | 30 |

## Calculated phase diagrams

Binary phase diagrams calculated with pycalphad 0.11.2 from the SGTE binary collection (Hallstedt 2025, CC BY 4.0). Evidence class: model.

Table: Assessments with a calculated phase diagram

| TDB file | Assessment | SHA-256 | Links |
|---|---|---|---|
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | Z.S. Li, X.J. Liu, M.Z. Wen, C.P. Wang, A.T. Tang, F.S. Pan, J. Nucl. Mater., 396, 170-75(2010). [doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.10.068](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.10.068) | `dc195f386a4b467540b8d1c4ea57acc3f1092ef02e4fa8b735f72caf5d12be40` | [viewer](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#AL-TH/AlTh-10Li.json) · [TDB](https://orchid-project.org/data/databases/sgte-binary/AlTh-10Li.tdb) · [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/sgte/AlTh-10Li.json) |

Table: Calculated three-phase invariants (model, mole fraction of the second component)

| TDB file | T (K) | Phases at the invariant |
|---|---:|---|
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1666.62 | AL2TH_C32 (x(Th) 0.33333) + AL3TH2 (x(Th) 0.4) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.46197) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1666.62 | AL2TH_C32 (x(Th) 0.33333) + AL3TH2 (x(Th) 0.4) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.46201) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1666.62 | AL2TH_C32 (x(Th) 0.33333) + AL3TH2 (x(Th) 0.4) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.46165) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1664.67 | LIQUID (x(Th) 0.86569) + FCC_A1 (x(Th) 0.98584) + BCC_A2 (x(Th) 0.98629) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1589.61 | AL3TH2 (x(Th) 0.4) + ALTH_B33 (x(Th) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.52311) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1589.61 | AL3TH2 (x(Th) 0.4) + ALTH_B33 (x(Th) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.52308) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1589.61 | AL3TH2 (x(Th) 0.4) + ALTH_B33 (x(Th) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.52327) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1571.65 | AL2TH3_D5A (x(Th) 0.6) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.61076) + ALTH2_C16 (x(Th) 0.66667) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1571.64 | AL2TH3_D5A (x(Th) 0.6) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.61135) + ALTH2_C16 (x(Th) 0.66667) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1571.64 | AL2TH3_D5A (x(Th) 0.6) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.61163) + ALTH2_C16 (x(Th) 0.66667) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1568.18 | ALTH_B33 (x(Th) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.56991) + AL2TH3_D5A (x(Th) 0.6) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1568.18 | ALTH_B33 (x(Th) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.57001) + AL2TH3_D5A (x(Th) 0.6) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1568.18 | ALTH_B33 (x(Th) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.57002) + AL2TH3_D5A (x(Th) 0.6) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1510.48 | ALTH2_C16 (x(Th) 0.66667) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.81511) + FCC_A1 (x(Th) 0.98181) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1510.48 | ALTH2_C16 (x(Th) 0.66667) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.8151) + FCC_A1 (x(Th) 0.9818) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1394.13 | LIQUID (x(Th) 0.14446) + AL3TH_D019 (x(Th) 0.25) + AL2TH_C32 (x(Th) 0.33333) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1394.13 | LIQUID (x(Th) 0.14449) + AL3TH_D019 (x(Th) 0.25) + AL2TH_C32 (x(Th) 0.33333) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1377.34 | AL2TH_C32 (x(Th) 0.33333) + AL3TH2 (x(Th) 0.4) + ALTH_B33 (x(Th) 0.5) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1344.18 | ALTH_B33 (x(Th) 0.5) + AL2TH3_D5A (x(Th) 0.6) + ALTH2_C16 (x(Th) 0.66667) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1151.47 | LIQUID (x(Th) 0.07653) + AL7TH2 (x(Th) 0.22222) + AL3TH_D019 (x(Th) 0.25) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1151.47 | LIQUID (x(Th) 0.07657) + AL7TH2 (x(Th) 0.22222) + AL3TH_D019 (x(Th) 0.25) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 1151.47 | LIQUID (x(Th) 0.07652) + AL7TH2 (x(Th) 0.22222) + AL3TH_D019 (x(Th) 0.25) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 901.27 | FCC_A1 (x(Th) 0) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.02693) + AL7TH2 (x(Th) 0.22222) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 901.27 | FCC_A1 (x(Th) 0) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.02688) + AL7TH2 (x(Th) 0.22222) |
| AlTh-10Li.tdb | 901.27 | FCC_A1 (x(Th) 0) + LIQUID (x(Th) 0.02686) + AL7TH2 (x(Th) 0.22222) |

Convex hulls: [Materials Project DFT hull](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/dft-mp/AL/AL-TH.json) · [OQMD DFT hull](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/dft-oqmd/AL/AL-TH.json)

## Invariant reactions (literature)

Table: Invariant reactions reported in the literature for the Al–Th system (30)

| T (K) | Reaction / phases | Compositions (mole fraction) | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---:|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1793.15 | congruent melting: L -> ThAl2 | L: Al 0.667; ThAl2: Al 0.667 | model | [1] Li 2010 | Table 4, p. 4, row 28; `ORC-627AVIMTJU` |  |
| 1793.15 | congruent melting: L -> ThAl2 | L: Al 0.667; ThAl2: Al 0.667 | unspecified | [1] Li 2010; _cites Kassner 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02882381) | Table 4, p. 4, row 27; `ORC-X4U5ZZTA43` |  |
| 1667.95 | peritectic: L + ThAl2 -> Th2Al3 | L: Al 0.538; ThAl2: Al 0.667; Th2Al3: Al 0.6 | model | [1] Li 2010 | Table 4, p. 4, row 2; `ORC-JNWDH5P7VN` |  |
| 1667.15 | peritectic: L + ThAl2 -> Th2Al3 | L: Al 0.56; ThAl2: Al 0.667; Th2Al3: Al 0.6 | unspecified | [1] Li 2010; _cites Kassner 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02882381) | Table 4, p. 4, row 1; `ORC-OHY4PR67WP` |  |
| 1664.95 | peritectic: L + βTh -> αTh | L: Al 0.134; βTh: Al 0.0191; αTh: Al 0.0193 | model | [1] Li 2010 | Table 4, p. 4, row 4; `ORC-GPKCADCL3V` |  |
| 1655.15 | peritectic: L + βTh -> αTh | L: Al 0.15; βTh: Al 0.01; αTh: Al 0.01 | unspecified | [1] Li 2010; _cites Kassner 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02882381) | Table 4, p. 4, row 3; `ORC-J6GR44VXPR` |  |
| 1591.15 | peritectic: Th2Al3 + L -> ThAl | Th2Al3: Al 0.6; L: Al 0.48; ThAl: Al 0.5 | unspecified | [1] Li 2010; _cites Kassner 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02882381) | Table 4, p. 4, row 5; `ORC-76DMG6T43L` |  |
| 1590.45 | peritectic: Th2Al3 + L -> ThAl | Th2Al3: Al 0.6; L: Al 0.476; ThAl: Al 0.5 | model | [1] Li 2010 | Table 4, p. 4, row 6; `ORC-EOXTSDOJGP` |  |
| 1583.15 | congruent melting: L -> Th2Al | L: Al 0.333; Th2Al: Al 0.333 | model | [1] Li 2010 | Table 4, p. 4, row 24; `ORC-D267N4XSYW` |  |
| 1580.15 | congruent melting: L -> Th2Al | L: Al 0.333; Th2Al: Al 0.333 | unspecified | [1] Li 2010; _cites Kassner 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02882381) | Table 4, p. 4, row 23; `ORC-55DILNJIMS` |  |
| 1574.15 | congruent melting: L -> Th3Al2 | L: Al 0.4; Th3Al2: Al 0.4 | unspecified | [1] Li 2010; _cites Kassner 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02882381) | Table 4, p. 4, row 25; `ORC-HSHHPPDSSN` |  |
| 1573.15 | congruent melting: L -> Th3Al2 | L: Al 0.4; Th3Al2: Al 0.4 | model | [1] Li 2010 | Table 4, p. 4, row 26; `ORC-W75LKR4EU6` |  |
| 1572.35 | eutectic: L -> Th3Al2 + Th2Al | L: Al 0.388; Th3Al2: Al 0.4; Th2Al: Al 0.333 | model | [1] Li 2010 | Table 4, p. 4, row 8; `ORC-UCH2UVVAMS` |  |
| 1569.15 | eutectic: L -> Th3Al2 + Th2Al | L: Al 0.35; Th3Al2: Al 0.4; Th2Al: Al 0.333 | unspecified | [1] Li 2010; _cites Kassner 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02882381) | Table 4, p. 4, row 7; `ORC-JRZABXFDDM` |  |
| 1568.95 | eutectic: L -> ThAl + Th3Al2 | L: Al 0.43; ThAl: Al 0.5; Th3Al2: Al 0.4 | model | [1] Li 2010 | Table 4, p. 4, row 10; `ORC-H3J7FWJIYM` |  |
| 1563.15 | eutectic: L -> ThAl + Th3Al2 | L: Al 0.43; ThAl: Al 0.5; Th3Al2: Al 0.4 | unspecified | [1] Li 2010; _cites Kassner 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02882381) | Table 4, p. 4, row 9; `ORC-7WDPUND3IU` |  |
| 1516.15 | eutectic: L -> Th2Al + αTh | L: Al 0.2; Th2Al: Al 0.333; αTh: Al 0.0085 | unspecified | [1] Li 2010; _cites Kassner 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02882381) | Table 4, p. 4, row 11; `ORC-PULOU6QDBE` |  |
| 1509.65 | eutectic: L -> Th2Al + αTh | L: Al 0.183; Th2Al: Al 0.333; αTh: Al 0.024 | model | [1] Li 2010 | Table 4, p. 4, row 12; `ORC-LNN5AN4EWK` |  |
| 1395.75 | peritectic: L + ThAl2 -> ThAl3 | L: Al 0.856; ThAl2: Al 0.667; ThAl3: Al 0.75 | model | [1] Li 2010 | Table 4, p. 4, row 14; `ORC-AHVSPQBJT7` |  |
| 1393.15 | peritectic: L + ThAl2 -> ThAl3 | L: Al 0.84; ThAl2: Al 0.667; ThAl3: Al 0.75 | unspecified | [1] Li 2010; _cites Kassner 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02882381) | Table 4, p. 4, row 13; `ORC-V6KMBG4ZOR` |  |
| 1377.25 | eutectoid: Th2Al3 -> ThAl2 + ThAl | Th2Al3: Al 0.6; ThAl2: Al 0.667; ThAl: Al 0.5 | model | [1] Li 2010 | Table 4, p. 4, row 16; `ORC-HYN4U5RC7K` |  |
| 1373.15 | eutectoid |  | experimental | [1] Li 2010; _cites Murray 1958_ | p. 2; `ORC-KRXNW7Y4XY.4e5e9c` | “Murray \[17\] reported that the Th3Al2 and Th2Al3 compounds eutectoidally decompose at 1075 °C and 1100 °C, respectively, and the solid solubilities of Al in the aTh and bTh phases are 0.4 at.% at 1000 °C and 0.85 at.% at 1300 °C.” |
| 1373.15 | eutectoid: Th2Al3 -> ThAl2 + ThAl | Th2Al3: Al 0.6; ThAl2: Al 0.667; ThAl: Al 0.5 | unspecified | [1] Li 2010; _cites Kassner 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02882381) | Table 4, p. 4, row 15; `ORC-RDPLMHYVSH` |  |
| 1348.15 | eutectoid |  | experimental | [1] Li 2010; _cites Murray 1958_ | p. 2; `ORC-KRXNW7Y4XY.7a8eb7` | “Murray \[17\] reported that the Th3Al2 and Th2Al3 compounds eutectoidally decompose at 1075 °C and 1100 °C, respectively, and the solid solubilities of Al in the aTh and bTh phases are 0.4 at.% at 1000 °C and 0.85 at.% at 1300 °C.” |
| 1348.15 | eutectoid: Th3Al2 -> ThAl + Th2Al | Th3Al2: Al 0.4; ThAl: Al 0.5; Th2Al: Al 0.333 | unspecified | [1] Li 2010; _cites Kassner 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02882381) | Table 4, p. 4, row 17; `ORC-PVVMGLVF3A` |  |
| 1344.05 | eutectoid: Th3Al2 -> ThAl + Th2Al | Th3Al2: Al 0.4; ThAl: Al 0.5; Th2Al: Al 0.333 | model | [1] Li 2010 | Table 4, p. 4, row 18; `ORC-KZXSN7H73K` |  |
| 1152.35 | peritectic: L + ThAl3 -> Th2Al7 | L: Al 0.924; ThAl3: Al 0.75; Th2Al7: Al 0.778 | model | [1] Li 2010 | Table 4, p. 4, row 20; `ORC-FTOKS5MQDZ` |  |
| 1149.15 | peritectic: L + ThAl3 -> Th2Al7 | L: Al 0.929; ThAl3: Al 0.75; Th2Al7: Al 0.778 | unspecified | [1] Li 2010; _cites Kassner 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02882381) | Table 4, p. 4, row 19; `ORC-DHGHZ6M62B` |  |
| 903.15 | eutectic: L -> (Al) + Th2Al7 | L: Al 0.971; (Al): Al 1; Th2Al7: Al 0.778 | unspecified | [1] Li 2010; _cites Kassner 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02882381) | Table 4, p. 4, row 21; `ORC-ROTDL2GR5F` |  |
| 901.55 | eutectic: L -> (Al) + Th2Al7 | L: Al 0.973; (Al): Al 1; Th2Al7: Al 0.778 | model | [1] Li 2010 | Table 4, p. 4, row 22; `ORC-E6OXP7OKOM` |  |

## Sources

Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).

1. Z.S. Li, X.J. Liu, M.Z. Wen, C.P. Wang, A.T. Tang, F.S. Pan, Thermodynamic assessments of the Al–Th and Th–Zn systems, Journal of Nuclear Materials 396, 170-175 (2010). [doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.10.068](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.10.068)

## Please cite

- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735859
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD) (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735891
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0).

Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

```bibtex
@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_phase_diagrams_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735859},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735859}
}

@misc{orchid_hulls_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD)}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735891},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735891}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}
```

---

Derived data CC BY 4.0 ([licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)): cite ORCHID ([CITATION.cff](https://data.orchid-project.org/CITATION.cff)) and the original sources. Quotes are short excerpts kept so that each value can be checked; they remain under the publishers' copyright and are not relicensed. Source papers, page images and full text are not redistributed. Field reference: [SCHEMA.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/SCHEMA.md). Machine-readable guide: [llms.txt](https://data.orchid-project.org/llms.txt). Found an error? The report link of a value (Markdown: its id, ORC-..., in the Location column) opens a pre-filled GitHub issue, https://github.com/orchid-calphad/orchid-data/issues/new?template=report-value-error.yml&record_id=\<id>, carrying only the record id, source and value; [how to contribute](https://orchid-project.org/contribute/).