Au–Dy system

51 accepted literature values from 2 paper(s) (experimental 27, model 24); 3 calculated phase diagram(s). 12 further extracted value(s) not accepted by the reader-agreement checks are only in the JSON/CSV.

Data: JSON · CSV · interactive explorer · interactive phase diagram · phases (11) · papers (bibliography) · Markdown

Accepted values by evidence class
Evidence classValues
experimental27
model24
Accepted values by property group
Property groupValues
invariant reaction29
phase transition22

Calculated phase diagrams

Binary phase diagrams calculated with pycalphad 0.11.2 from the SGTE binary collection (Hallstedt 2025, CC BY 4.0). Evidence class: model.

Assessments with a calculated phase diagram
TDB fileAssessmentSHA-256Links
AuDy-15Otm.tdbS. Otmani, K. Mahdouk, J. Alloys Compd., 648, 581-86(2015). doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.07.00248a184cb465bfbbd4340a57fd20b68e88e5c2d19dcced2396ae974407808681dviewer · TDB · JSON
AuDy-15Wan.tdbS.L. Wang, L.J. Zhou, Z.F. Fan, J.L. Li, Y.H. Lin, C.P. Wang, X.J. Liu, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus., 36, 241-47(2015). doi:10.1007/s11669-015-0378-2d2c3c00e5e5016fd481bf38ef3b7d5347d68bea632cd5ec3bd7dd40638f52796viewer · TDB · JSON
AuDy-16Hu.tdbB. Hu, J. Wang, Y. Du, Q. Wang, F. Min, Calphad, 53, 49-54(2016). doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2016.03.003b3ba67828ea04feae26b377f58a6acf117278fe369d97f7b42dc7bb006f7a07bviewer · TDB · JSON
Calculated three-phase invariants (model, mole fraction of the second component)
TDB fileT (K)Phases at the invariant
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1654.12LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.98467) + BCC_A2 (x(Dy) 0.99999) + HCP_A3 (x(Dy) 1)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1654.12LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.98482) + BCC_A2 (x(Dy) 0.99999) + HCP_A3 (x(Dy) 1)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1545.45AUDY_B33 (x(Dy) 0.5) + AUDY_B2 (x(Dy) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.6425)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1545.45LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.37538) + AUDY_B33 (x(Dy) 0.5) + AUDY_B2 (x(Dy) 0.5)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1516.53AU2DY_C11B (x(Dy) 0.33333) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.37157) + AUDY_B33 (x(Dy) 0.5)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1461.94AU3DY_D0A (x(Dy) 0.25) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.28321) + AU2DY_C11B (x(Dy) 0.33333)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1386.24LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.19445) + AU51DY14 (x(Dy) 0.21538) + AU3DY_D0A (x(Dy) 0.25)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1386.23LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.1943) + AU51DY14 (x(Dy) 0.21538) + AU3DY_D0A (x(Dy) 0.25)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1333.8AUDY_B33 (x(Dy) 0.5) + AUDY2_C37 (x(Dy) 0.66667) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.67607)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1333.8AUDY_B33 (x(Dy) 0.5) + AUDY2_C37 (x(Dy) 0.66667) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.67592)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1206.14AUDY2_C37 (x(Dy) 0.66667) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.76017) + HCP_A3 (x(Dy) 1)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1206.14AUDY2_C37 (x(Dy) 0.66667) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.76011) + HCP_A3 (x(Dy) 1)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1206.14AUDY2_C37 (x(Dy) 0.66667) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.76029) + HCP_A3 (x(Dy) 1)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1120.87LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.11479) + AU6DY (x(Dy) 0.14286) + AU51DY14 (x(Dy) 0.21538)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1120.87LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.11499) + AU6DY (x(Dy) 0.14286) + AU51DY14 (x(Dy) 0.21538)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1120.87LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.11473) + AU6DY (x(Dy) 0.14286) + AU51DY14 (x(Dy) 0.21538)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1074.38FCC_A1 (x(Dy) 0) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.07842) + AU6DY (x(Dy) 0.14286)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1074.38FCC_A1 (x(Dy) 0) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.07841) + AU6DY (x(Dy) 0.14286)
AuDy-15Otm.tdb1074.38FCC_A1 (x(Dy) 0) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.07826) + AU6DY (x(Dy) 0.14286)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1654.15LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.98659) + HCP_A3 (x(Dy) 1) + BCC_A2 (x(Dy) 1)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1632.65AUDY_B33 (x(Dy) 0.5) + AUDY_B2 (x(Dy) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.64162)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1632.65LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.3937) + AUDY_B33 (x(Dy) 0.5) + AUDY_B2 (x(Dy) 0.5)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1511.9AU2DY_C11B (x(Dy) 0.33333) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.37554) + AUDY_B33 (x(Dy) 0.5)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1511.9AU2DY_C11B (x(Dy) 0.33333) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.37562) + AUDY_B33 (x(Dy) 0.5)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1482.54AU3DY_D0A (x(Dy) 0.25) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.28567) + AU2DY_C11B (x(Dy) 0.33333)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1482.54AU3DY_D0A (x(Dy) 0.25) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.28575) + AU2DY_C11B (x(Dy) 0.33333)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1368.74LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.16412) + AU51DY14 (x(Dy) 0.21538) + AU3DY_D0A (x(Dy) 0.25)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1368.74LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.16419) + AU51DY14 (x(Dy) 0.21538) + AU3DY_D0A (x(Dy) 0.25)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1337.6AUDY_B33 (x(Dy) 0.5) + AUDY2_C37 (x(Dy) 0.66667) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.72958)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1337.6AUDY_B33 (x(Dy) 0.5) + AUDY2_C37 (x(Dy) 0.66667) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.72946)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1206.82AUDY2_C37 (x(Dy) 0.66667) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.81195) + HCP_A3 (x(Dy) 1)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1206.82AUDY2_C37 (x(Dy) 0.66667) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.81202) + HCP_A3 (x(Dy) 1)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1119.19LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.10202) + AU6DY (x(Dy) 0.14286) + AU51DY14 (x(Dy) 0.21538)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1119.19LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.10203) + AU6DY (x(Dy) 0.14286) + AU51DY14 (x(Dy) 0.21538)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1119.19LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.10199) + AU6DY (x(Dy) 0.14286) + AU51DY14 (x(Dy) 0.21538)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1084.91FCC_A1 (x(Dy) 0.02358) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.08667) + AU6DY (x(Dy) 0.14286)
AuDy-15Wan.tdb1084.91FCC_A1 (x(Dy) 0.02358) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.08666) + AU6DY (x(Dy) 0.14286)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1654.15LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.98628) + HCP_A3 (x(Dy) 1) + BCC_A2 (x(Dy) 1)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1627.45AUDY_B33 (x(Dy) 0.5) + AUDY_B2 (x(Dy) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.62637)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1627.45LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.40034) + AUDY_B33 (x(Dy) 0.5) + AUDY_B2 (x(Dy) 0.5)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1505.59AU2DY_C11B (x(Dy) 0.33333) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.38373) + AUDY_B33 (x(Dy) 0.5)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1470.67AU3DY_D0A (x(Dy) 0.25) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.27534) + AU2DY_C11B (x(Dy) 0.33333)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1470.67AU3DY_D0A (x(Dy) 0.25) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.27553) + AU2DY_C11B (x(Dy) 0.33333)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1367.86LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.19098) + AU51DY14 (x(Dy) 0.21538) + AU3DY_D0A (x(Dy) 0.25)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1367.86LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.1911) + AU51DY14 (x(Dy) 0.21538) + AU3DY_D0A (x(Dy) 0.25)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1337.53AUDY_B33 (x(Dy) 0.5) + AUDY2_C37 (x(Dy) 0.66667) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.69092)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1337.52AUDY_B33 (x(Dy) 0.5) + AUDY2_C37 (x(Dy) 0.66667) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.69111)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1207.34AUDY2_C37 (x(Dy) 0.66667) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.79907) + HCP_A3 (x(Dy) 1)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1207.34AUDY2_C37 (x(Dy) 0.66667) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.79916) + HCP_A3 (x(Dy) 1)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1118.49LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.11998) + AU6DY (x(Dy) 0.14286) + AU51DY14 (x(Dy) 0.21538)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1118.49LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.12008) + AU6DY (x(Dy) 0.14286) + AU51DY14 (x(Dy) 0.21538)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1118.49LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.11995) + AU6DY (x(Dy) 0.14286) + AU51DY14 (x(Dy) 0.21538)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1081.12FCC_A1 (x(Dy) 0.02569) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.10085) + AU6DY (x(Dy) 0.14286)
AuDy-16Hu.tdb1081.12FCC_A1 (x(Dy) 0.02568) + LIQUID (x(Dy) 0.10079) + AU6DY (x(Dy) 0.14286)

Convex hulls: Materials Project DFT hull · OQMD DFT hull · CALPHAD hull AuDy-15Otm · CALPHAD hull AuDy-15Wan

Invariant reactions (literature)

Invariant reactions reported in the literature for the Au–Dy system (29)
T (K)Reaction / phasesCompositions (mole fraction)ClassSourceLocationQuote
1517eutectic: L -> αDyAu + DyAu2L: Dy 0.38; αDyAu: Dy 0.5; DyAu2: Dy 0.333333model[1] Otmani 2015Table 2, p. 3, row 14
report
1511.95eutectic: L -> αAuDy + Au2DyL: Dy 0.376; αAuDy: Dy 0.5; Au2Dy: Dy 0.333model[2] Wang 2015Table 3, p. 5, row 10
report
1508.15eutectic: L -> αAuDy + Au2DyL: Dy 0.38; αAuDy: Dy 0.5; Au2Dy: Dy 0.333experimental[2] Wang 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 3, p. 5, row 9
report
1508eutectic: L -> αDyAu + DyAu2L: Dy 0.38; αDyAu: Dy 0.5; DyAu2: Dy 0.333333experimental[1] Otmani 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 2, p. 3, row 13
report
1482.65eutectic: L -> Au2Dy + Au3DyL: Dy 0.286; Au2Dy: Dy 0.333; Au3Dy: Dy 0.25model[2] Wang 2015Table 3, p. 5, row 14
report
1463eutectic: L -> DyAu2+ DyAu3L: Dy 0.283; DyAu2: Dy 0.333333; DyAu3: Dy 0.25model[1] Otmani 2015Table 2, p. 3, row 18
report
1458.15eutectic: L -> Au2Dy + Au3DyL: Dy 0.27; Au2Dy: Dy 0.333; Au3Dy: Dy 0.25experimental[2] Wang 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 3, p. 5, row 13
report
1458eutectic: L -> DyAu2+ DyAu3L: Dy 0.28; DyAu2: Dy 0.333333; DyAu3: Dy 0.25experimental[1] Otmani 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 2, p. 3, row 17
report
1373peritectic: L + DyAu3 -> Dy14Au51L: Dy 0.19; DyAu3: Dy 0.25; Dy14Au51: Dy 0.215385model[1] Otmani 2015Table 2, p. 3, row 22
report
1368.15eutectic: L + Au3Dy -> Au51Dy14L: Dy 0.164; Au3Dy: Dy 0.25; Au51Dy14: Dy 0.215model[2] Wang 2015Table 3, p. 5, row 18
report
1368.15eutectic: L + Au3Dy -> Au51Dy14Au3Dy: Dy 0.25; Au51Dy14: Dy 0.215experimental[2] Wang 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 3, p. 5, row 17
report
1368peritectic: L + DyAu3 -> Dy14Au51L: Dy 0.17; DyAu3: Dy 0.25; Dy14Au51: Dy 0.215385experimental[1] Otmani 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 2, p. 3, row 21
report
1338.25peritectic: L + αAuDy -> AuDy2L: Dy 0.729; αAuDy: Dy 0.5; AuDy2: Dy 0.667model[2] Wang 2015Table 3, p. 5, row 4
report
1338.15peritectic: L + αAuDy -> AuDy2αAuDy: Dy 0.5; AuDy2: Dy 0.667experimental[2] Wang 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 3, p. 5, row 3
report
1338peritectic: L + αDyAu -> Dy2AuL: Dy 0.71; αDyAu: Dy 0.5; Dy2Au: Dy 0.666667experimental[1] Otmani 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 2, p. 3, row 7
report
1338peritectic: L + αDyAu -> Dy2AuL: Dy 0.68; αDyAu: Dy 0.5; Dy2Au: Dy 0.666667model[1] Otmani 2015Table 2, p. 3, row 8
report
1209eutectic: L -> αDy + Dy2AuL: Dy 0.77; Dy2Au: Dy 0.666667model[1] Otmani 2015Table 2, p. 3, row 6
report
1208.15eutectic: L -> αDy + AuDy2L: Dy 0.79; AuDy2: Dy 0.667experimental[2] Wang 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 3, p. 5, row 1
report
1208eutectic: L -> αDy + Dy2AuL: Dy 0.79; Dy2Au: Dy 0.666667experimental[1] Otmani 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 2, p. 3, row 5
report
1207.15eutectic: L -> αDy + AuDy2L: Dy 0.812; αDy: Dy 1; AuDy2: Dy 0.667model[2] Wang 2015Table 3, p. 5, row 2
report
1121peritectic: L + Dy14Au51 -> DyAu6L: Dy 0.12; Dy14Au51: Dy 0.215385; DyAu6: Dy 0.142857model[1] Otmani 2015Table 2, p. 3, row 24
report
1118.35peritectic: L + Au51Dy14 -> Au6DyL: Dy 0.102; Au51Dy14: Dy 0.215; Au6Dy: Dy 0.143model[2] Wang 2015Table 3, p. 5, row 20
report
1118.15peritectic: L + Au51Dy14 -> Au6DyAu51Dy14: Dy 0.215; Au6Dy: Dy 0.143experimental[2] Wang 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 3, p. 5, row 19
report
1118peritectic: L + Dy14Au51 -> DyAu6L: Dy 0.12; Dy14Au51: Dy 0.215385; DyAu6: Dy 0.142857experimental[1] Otmani 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 2, p. 3, row 23
report
1081.15eutectic: L -> Au6Dy + (Au)Au6Dy: Dy 0.142857; (Au): Dy 0.023experimental[2] Wang 2015
cites Rider 1965
Table 3, p. 5, row 21
report
1081.15eutectic: L -> Au6Dy + (Au)L: Dy 0.085; Au6Dy: Dy 0.143; (Au): Dy 0.021model[2] Wang 2015Table 3, p. 5, row 23
report
1081.15eutectic: L -> Au6Dy + (Au)L: Dy 0.095; Au6Dy: Dy 0.143; (Au): Dy 0.023experimental[2] Wang 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 3, p. 5, row 22
report
1081eutectic: L -> DyAu6 + AuL: Dy 0.1; DyAu6: Dy 0.142857experimental[1] Otmani 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 2, p. 3, row 25
report
1073eutectic: L -> DyAu6 + AuL: Dy 0.08; DyAu6: Dy 0.142857model[1] Otmani 2015Table 2, p. 3, row 26
report

Other properties

Phase transition (22)

Phase transition, Au–Dy system
PropertyValueT (K)Phases / compositionClassSourceLocationQuote
Phase transition1337 K1337congruent melting: L -> Au
L: Dy 0
experimental[1] Otmani 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 2, p. 3, row 27
report
Phase transition1337 K1337congruent melting: L -> Au
L: Dy 0
model[1] Otmani 2015Table 2, p. 3, row 28
report
Phase transition1502 K1502congruent melting: L -> DyAu3
L: Dy 0.25; DyAu3: Dy 0.25
model[1] Otmani 2015Table 2, p. 3, row 20
report
Phase transition1503 K1503congruent melting: L -> DyAu3
L: Dy 0.25; DyAu3: Dy 0.25
experimental[1] Otmani 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 2, p. 3, row 19
report
Phase transition1503.15 K1503.15Au3Dyexperimental[2] Wang 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
p. 2
report
Later, based on microscopic, DTA and XRD, McMasters and Gschneidner[23] investigated the Au-Dy phase diagram, and reported three stoichiometry compounds of the AuDy (melting point, 1660 C), Au2Dy (melting point, 1320 C) and Au3Dy (melting point, 1230 C).
Phase transition1503.15 K1503.15congruent melting: L -> Au3Dy
L: Dy 0.25; Au3Dy: Dy 0.25
experimental[2] Wang 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 3, p. 5, row 15
report
Phase transition1503.55 K1503.55congruent melting: L -> Au3Dy
L: Dy 0.25; Au3Dy: Dy 0.25
model[2] Wang 2015Table 3, p. 5, row 16
report
Phase transition1585 K1585congruent melting: L -> DyAu2
L: Dy 0.33; DyAu2: Dy 0.333333
model[1] Otmani 2015Table 2, p. 3, row 16
report
Phase transition1589.45 K1589.45congruent melting: L -> Au2Dy
L: Dy 0.333; Au2Dy: Dy 0.333
model[2] Wang 2015Table 3, p. 5, row 12
report
Phase transition1593 K1593congruent melting: L -> DyAu2
L: Dy 0.33; DyAu2: Dy 0.333333
experimental[1] Otmani 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 2, p. 3, row 15
report
Phase transition1593.15 K1593.15Au2Dyexperimental[2] Wang 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
p. 2
report
Later, based on microscopic, DTA and XRD, McMasters and Gschneidner[23] investigated the Au-Dy phase diagram, and reported three stoichiometry compounds of the AuDy (melting point, 1660 C), Au2Dy (melting point, 1320 C) and Au3Dy (melting point, 1230 C).
Phase transition1593.15 K1593.15congruent melting: L -> Au2Dy
L: Dy 0.333; Au2Dy: Dy 0.333
experimental[2] Wang 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 3, p. 5, row 11
report
Phase transition1632.65 K1632.65polymorphic: βAuDy -> αAuDy
βAuDy: Dy 0.5; αAuDy: Dy 0.5
model[2] Wang 2015Table 3, p. 5, row 8
report
Phase transition1633 K1633polymorphic: αDyAu -> βDyAu
αDyAu: Dy 0.5; βDyAu: Dy 0.5
experimental[1] Otmani 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 2, p. 3, row 11
report
Phase transition1633 K1633polymorphic: αDyAu -> βDyAu
αDyAu: Dy 0.5; βDyAu: Dy 0.5
model[1] Otmani 2015Table 2, p. 3, row 12
report
Phase transition1633.15 K1633.15polymorphic: βAuDy -> αAuDy
βAuDy: Dy 0.5; αAuDy: Dy 0.5
experimental[2] Wang 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 3, p. 5, row 7
report
Phase transition1933 K1933congruent melting: L -> βDyAu
L: Dy 0.5; βDyAu: Dy 0.5
experimental[1] Otmani 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 2, p. 3, row 9
report
Phase transition1933.15 K1933.15AuDyexperimental[2] Wang 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
p. 2
report
Later, based on microscopic, DTA and XRD, McMasters and Gschneidner[23] investigated the Au-Dy phase diagram, and reported three stoichiometry compounds of the AuDy (melting point, 1660 C), Au2Dy (melting point, 1320 C) and Au3Dy (melting point, 1230 C).
Phase transition1933.15 K1933.15congruent melting: L -> βAuDy
L: Dy 0.5; βAuDy: Dy 0.5
experimental[2] Wang 2015
cites McMasters 1973 doi
Table 3, p. 5, row 5
report
Phase transition1933.15 K1933.15congruent melting: L -> βAuDy
L: Dy 0.5; βAuDy: Dy 0.5
model[2] Wang 2015Table 3, p. 5, row 6
report
Phase transition1934 K1934congruent transformationmodel[1] Otmani 2015p. 4
report
Concerning the equiatomic DyAu phase which melts congruently at 1934 K with two allotropic forms (aDyAu and bDyAu), the temperature of this allotropic transformation is obtained at 1633 K, and this is in excellent agreement with the literature data [13].
Phase transition1935 K1935congruent melting: L -> βDyAu
L: Dy 0.5; βDyAu: Dy 0.5
model[1] Otmani 2015Table 2, p. 3, row 10
report

Sources

Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).

  1. Samira Otmani, Kamal Mahdouk, Thermodynamic assessment of the dysprosium–gold binary system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 648, 581-586 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.07.002
  2. S. L. Wang, L. J. Zhou, Z. F. Lan, J. L. Li, Y. H. Lin, C. P. Wang et al., Thermodynamic Assessments of the Au-Nd and Au-Dy Systems, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 36, 241-247 (2015). doi:10.1007/s11669-015-0378-2