# Bi–Pb system

> Bi–Pb system: 17 accepted literature values (invariant reaction 17) and 4 calculated phase diagram(s) from ORCHID, each value with evidence class, source, page and quote.

HTML: https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/BI-PB.html · Markdown: https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/BI-PB.md

17 accepted literature values from 1 paper(s) (experimental 14, model 3); 4 calculated phase diagram(s). 10 further extracted value(s) not accepted by the reader-agreement checks are only in the JSON/CSV.

Data: [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/systems/BI-PB.json) · [CSV](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/BI-PB.csv) · [interactive explorer](https://orchid-project.org/data-explorer/#BI-PB) · [interactive phase diagram](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#BI-PB/BiPb-17Gie.json) · [phases (5)](https://data.orchid-project.org/phases/pages/BI-PB.html) · [papers (bibliography)](https://data.orchid-project.org/bibliography/pages/systems/BI-PB.html) · [Markdown](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/BI-PB.md)

Table: Accepted values by evidence class

| Evidence class | Values |
|---|---:|
| experimental | 14 |
| model | 3 |

Table: Accepted values by property group

| Property group | Values |
|---|---:|
| invariant reaction | 17 |

## Calculated phase diagrams

Binary phase diagrams calculated with pycalphad 0.11.2 from the SGTE binary collection (Hallstedt 2025, CC BY 4.0). Evidence class: model.

Table: Assessments with a calculated phase diagram

| TDB file | Assessment | SHA-256 | Links |
|---|---|---|---|
| BiPb-17Gie.tdb | W. Gierlotka, Y.-C. Tung, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus., 38, 814-28(2017). [doi:10.1007/s11669-017-0572-5](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-017-0572-5) | `9ba301ea84eb981ad44b17ce0d217e2ffcbeba7a21465de277d553d7cdcb875d` | [viewer](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#BI-PB/BiPb-17Gie.json) · [TDB](https://orchid-project.org/data/databases/sgte-binary/BiPb-17Gie.tdb) · [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/sgte/BiPb-17Gie.json) |
| BiPb-21Aga.tdb | R. Agarwal, Thermochim. Acta, 699, 178913(2021). [doi:10.1016/j.tca.2021.178913](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2021.178913) | `767bd5aeaed33a7bfe7b7c07813caaca99307d658cafa2a0fdd5b5e08b781f32` | [viewer](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#BI-PB/BiPb-21Aga.json) · [TDB](https://orchid-project.org/data/databases/sgte-binary/BiPb-21Aga.tdb) · [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/sgte/BiPb-21Aga.json) |
| BiPb-98Boa-LB.tdb | D. Boa, I. Ansara, Thermochim. Acta, 314, 79-86(1998). [doi:10.1016/S0040-6031(98)00237-8](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031%2898%2900237-8) | `c36b3e9ef4935609b8cdbb9b21bc0170f1edcda3dc1ee82870fb038f1ddc5898` | [viewer](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#BI-PB/BiPb-98Boa-LB.json) · [TDB](https://orchid-project.org/data/databases/sgte-binary/BiPb-98Boa-LB.tdb) · [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/sgte/BiPb-98Boa-LB.json) |
| BiPb-98Yoo.tdb | S.W. Yoon, H.M. Lee, Calphad, 22, 167-78(1998). [doi:10.1016/S0364-5916(98)00022-4](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-5916%2898%2900022-4) | `a29e66212cd9bf01d1e375bf37f45b92183c0862c4511f8934f5c6017f59dc6c` | [viewer](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#BI-PB/BiPb-98Yoo.json) · [TDB](https://orchid-project.org/data/databases/sgte-binary/BiPb-98Yoo.tdb) · [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/sgte/BiPb-98Yoo.json) |

Table: Calculated three-phase invariants (model, mole fraction of the second component)

| TDB file | T (K) | Phases at the invariant |
|---|---:|---|
| BiPb-17Gie.tdb | 459.3 | LIQUID (x(Pb) 0.61641) + HCP_A3 (x(Pb) 0.72631) + FCC_A1 (x(Pb) 0.77856) |
| BiPb-17Gie.tdb | 399.08 | RHOMBOHEDRAL_A7 (x(Pb) 0) + LIQUID (x(Pb) 0.4405) + HCP_A3 (x(Pb) 0.59809) |
| BiPb-21Aga.tdb | 456.77 | LIQUID (x(Pb) 0.64839) + HCP_A3 (x(Pb) 0.71862) + FCC_A1 (x(Pb) 0.8057) |
| BiPb-21Aga.tdb | 399.55 | RHOMBOHEDRAL_A7 (x(Pb) 0.00198) + LIQUID (x(Pb) 0.45067) + HCP_A3 (x(Pb) 0.57133) |
| BiPb-98Boa-LB.tdb | 456.79 | LIQUID (x(Pb) 0.62534) + HCP_A3 (x(Pb) 0.70476) + FCC_A1 (x(Pb) 0.76891) |
| BiPb-98Boa-LB.tdb | 398.14 | RHOMBOHEDRAL_A7 (x(Pb) 5.800e-4) + LIQUID (x(Pb) 0.44649) + HCP_A3 (x(Pb) 0.57206) |
| BiPb-98Yoo.tdb | 458.11 | LIQUID (x(Pb) 0.6413) + HCP_A3 (x(Pb) 0.72232) + FCC_A1 (x(Pb) 0.76884) |
| BiPb-98Yoo.tdb | 399.06 | RHOMBOHEDRAL_A7 (x(Pb) 0.0048) + LIQUID (x(Pb) 0.44701) + HCP_A3 (x(Pb) 0.58074) |

Convex hulls: [Materials Project DFT hull](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/dft-mp/BI/BI-PB.json) · [OQMD DFT hull](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/dft-oqmd/BI/BI-PB.json) · [CALPHAD hull BiPb-17Gie](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/calphad-sgte/BI/BI-PB--BiPb-17Gie.json) · [CALPHAD hull BiPb-98Boa-LB](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/calphad-sgte/BI/BI-PB--BiPb-98Boa-LB.json) · [CALPHAD hull BiPb-98Yoo](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/calphad-sgte/BI/BI-PB--BiPb-98Yoo.json)

## Invariant reactions (literature)

Table: Invariant reactions reported in the literature for the Bi–Pb system (17)

| T (K) | Reaction / phases | Compositions (mole fraction) | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---:|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 461.15 | peritectic: L + fcc -> ε | L: Pb 0.619; fcc: Pb 0.865; ε: Pb 0.702 | experimental | [1] Yoon 1998; _cites Takase 1937_ | Table 2, p. 6, row 1; `ORC-LBQ2MX4V2A` |  |
| 460.15 | peritectic: L + fcc -> ε | L: Pb 0.62; fcc: Pb 0.78; ε: Pb 0.71 | experimental | [1] Yoon 1998; _cites Gokcen 1992_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02645372) | Table 2, p. 6, row 7; `ORC-U5ALL26474` |  |
| 458.25 | peritectic: L + fcc -> ε | L: Pb 0.64; fcc: Pb 0.769; ε: Pb 0.722 | model | [1] Yoon 1998 | Table 2, p. 6, row 8; `ORC-CJCN2BLF2I` |  |
| 458.15 | peritectic: L + fcc -> ε | L: Pb 0.625; fcc: Pb 0.82; ε: Pb 0.66 | experimental | [1] Yoon 1998; _cites Nosek 1967_ | Table 2, p. 6, row 5; `ORC-DMNYD4XLJH` |  |
| 457.75 | peritectic: L + fcc -> ε | L: Pb 0.62; fcc: Pb 0.786; ε: Pb 0.679 | experimental | [1] Yoon 1998; _cites Hofe 1940_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1940-320502) | Table 2, p. 6, row 2; `ORC-KNGPARDRGM` |  |
| 457.15 | peritectic: L + fcc -> ε | L: Pb 0.59; fcc: Pb 0.81; ε: Pb 0.753 | experimental | [1] Yoon 1998; _cites Oelsen 1958_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.195803015) | Table 2, p. 6, row 4; `ORC-CANFFTUOMD` |  |
| 457.15 | peritectic: L + fcc -> ε | L: Pb 0.64; fcc: Pb 0.76; ε: Pb 0.7 | experimental | [1] Yoon 1998; _cites Predel 1967_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1967-580810) | Table 2, p. 6, row 6; `ORC-O5YF34LQIF` |  |
| 456.15 | peritectic: L + fcc -> ε | L: Pb 0.6; fcc: Pb 0.81; ε: Pb 0.71 | experimental | [1] Yoon 1998; _cites Gershman 1957_ | Table 2, p. 6, row 3; `ORC-YKJLVNGSDD` |  |
| 398.75 | eutectic: L -> Bi + ε | L: Pb 0.446; Bi: Pb 0.005; ε: Pb 0.58 | model | [1] Yoon 1998 | Table 2, p. 6, row 15; `ORC-2TN2KOARVI` |  |
| 398.65 | eutectic: L -> Bi + ε | L: Pb 0.445; Bi: Pb 0.01; ε: Pb 0.582 | experimental | [1] Yoon 1998; _cites Hofe 1940_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1940-320502) | Table 2, p. 6, row 11; `ORC-S6JZKNGDRA` |  |
| 398.65 | eutectic: L -> Bi + ε | L: Pb 0.45; Bi: Pb 0.005; ε: Pb 0.6 | experimental | [1] Yoon 1998; _cites Gokcen 1992_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02645372) | Table 2, p. 6, row 14; `ORC-URHJ3MCQRE` |  |
| 398.65 | eutectic: L -> Bi + ε | L: Pb 0.437; Bi: Pb 0.005; ε: Pb 0.644 | experimental | [1] Yoon 1998; _cites Takase 1937_ | Table 2, p. 6, row 10; `ORC-VKT7XIROGS` |  |
| 398.15 | eutectic: L -> Bi + ε | L: Pb 0.453; Bi: Pb 0.005; ε: Pb 0.635 | experimental | [1] Yoon 1998; _cites Strickler 1936_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01302a003) | Table 2, p. 6, row 9; `ORC-VGHWGOSXOW` |  |
| 398.15 | eutectic: L -> Bi + ε | L: Pb 0.443; Bi: Pb 0.006; ε: Pb 0.6 | experimental | [1] Yoon 1998; _cites Oelsen 1958_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.195803015) | Table 2, p. 6, row 12; `ORC-XFVA45F2UV` |  |
| 398.15 | eutectic: L -> Bi + ε | L: Pb 0.45; Bi: Pb 0.02; ε: Pb 0.61 | experimental | [1] Yoon 1998; _cites Nosek 1967_ | Table 2, p. 6, row 13; `ORC-Y7FBCQRYSG` |  |
| 227.65 | eutectoid: ε -> β-Sn + fcc | ε: Pb 0.766; β-Sn: Pb 0.84 | model | [1] Yoon 1998 | Table 2, p. 6, row 17; `ORC-T5N4DGOUCO` |  |
| 227.15 | eutectoid: ε -> β-Sn + fcc | ε: Pb 0.725; β-Sn: Pb 0.002; fcc: Pb 0.84 | experimental | [1] Yoon 1998; _cites Predel 1967_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1967-580810) | Table 2, p. 6, row 16; `ORC-4J56FYV4R7` |  |

## Sources

Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).

1. Seung Wook Yoon, Hyuck Mo Lee, A thermodynamic study of phase equilibria in the Sn-Bi-Pb solder system, Calphad 22, 167-178 (1998). [doi:10.1016/s0364-5916(98)00022-4](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0364-5916%2898%2900022-4)

## Please cite

- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735859
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD) (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735891
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0).

Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

```bibtex
@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_phase_diagrams_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735859},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735859}
}

@misc{orchid_hulls_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD)}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735891},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735891}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}
```

---

Derived data CC BY 4.0 ([licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)): cite ORCHID ([CITATION.cff](https://data.orchid-project.org/CITATION.cff)) and the original sources. Quotes are short excerpts kept so that each value can be checked; they remain under the publishers' copyright and are not relicensed. Source papers, page images and full text are not redistributed. Field reference: [SCHEMA.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/SCHEMA.md). Machine-readable guide: [llms.txt](https://data.orchid-project.org/llms.txt). Found an error? The report link of a value (Markdown: its id, ORC-..., in the Location column) opens a pre-filled GitHub issue, https://github.com/orchid-calphad/orchid-data/issues/new?template=report-value-error.yml&record_id=\<id>, carrying only the record id, source and value; [how to contribute](https://orchid-project.org/contribute/).