# Cr system > Cr system: 26 accepted literature values (crystal structure 13, activity / EMF / Gibbs energy 10, phase transition 2, formation 1) and 0 calculated phase diagram(s) from ORCHID, each value with evidence class, source, page and quote. HTML: https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CR.html · Markdown: https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CR.md 26 accepted literature values from 7 paper(s) (experimental 5, model 12, DFT 3, unspecified 6); 0 calculated phase diagram(s). 2 further extracted value(s) not accepted by the reader-agreement checks are only in the JSON/CSV. Data: [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/systems/CR.json) · [CSV](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CR.csv) · [interactive explorer](https://orchid-project.org/data-explorer/#CR) · [papers (bibliography)](https://data.orchid-project.org/bibliography/pages/systems/CR.html) · [Markdown](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CR.md) Table: Accepted values by evidence class | Evidence class | Values | |---|---:| | experimental | 5 | | model | 12 | | DFT | 3 | | unspecified | 6 | Table: Accepted values by property group | Property group | Values | |---|---:| | phase transition | 2 | | formation | 1 | | activity / EMF / Gibbs energy | 10 | | crystal structure | 13 | ## Formation enthalpies Literature values in kJ/mol-atom where the per-atom basis is known. DFT columns: the lowest-energy entry at the same composition (Materials Project 2026.04.13, OQMD v1.8; different energy references, never averaged), from [dft_parity.json](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/dft_parity.json). Table: Enthalpies of formation, Cr system (1) | Phase | Compound | Value | T (K) | Class | MP DFT (kJ/mol-atom) | OQMD DFT (kJ/mol-atom) | Source | Location | Quote | |---|---|---:|---:|---|---:|---:|---|---|---| | sigma CrCrCrCrCr | | 12.1 kJ/mol-atom | 0 | DFT | | | [1] Palumbo 2010 | Table 1, p. 4, row 1; `ORC-7V5ZKCLAPY.1099e3` | | ## Other properties ### Phase transition (2) Table: Phase transition, Cr system | Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote | |---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---| | Phase transition | 2136.15 K | 2136.15 | Cr | experimental | [2] Campbell 2002; _cites ref. 25_ | p. 5; `ORC-NNYXAMJFVK.98cb54` | “The calculated m elting temperature o f 1907 'C for c hromium i s 4 4 degrees h igher t hart the melting temperature 1863 "C \[25\], which is used in most phase diagram evaluations.” | | Phase transition | 2180.15 K | 2180.15 | Cr | model | [2] Campbell 2002 | p. 5; `ORC-NNYXAMJFVK.0ddcc2` | “The calculated m elting temperature o f 1907 'C for c hromium i s 4 4 degrees h igher t hart the melting temperature 1863 "C \[25\], which is used in most phase diagram evaluations.” | ### Activity / EMF / Gibbs energy (10) Table: Activity / EMF / Gibbs energy, Cr system | Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote | |---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---| | Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG^φ\_Para_ | 4438 J/mol | | HCP_A3; _alloy: Cr 1_ | model | [3] Santos 2024; _cites Dinsdale 1991_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2891%2990030-n) | Table 2, p. 8, row 33; `ORC-C72V6YY4LZ.4d5e3b` | | | Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG_Para^o_ | 4438 J/mol | | HCP_A3; _alloy: Cr 1_ | model | [3] Santos 2024; _cites Dinsdale 1991_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2891%2990030-n) | Table 2, p. 8, row 33; `ORC-C72V6YY4LZ.b2cc23` | | | gibbs energy contribution; _printed: magΔG_i^φ/SER(0 K)_ | 0 J/mol | 0 | BCC_A2; _alloy: Cr 1_ | model | [3] Santos 2024; _cites Dinsdale 1991_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2891%2990030-n) | Table 2, p. 8, row 27; `ORC-H3HH6NVPVD.15e3a1` | | | gibbs energy contribution; _printed: magΔG_i^φ/SER(0 K)_ | 0 J/mol | 0 | BCC_A2; _alloy: Cr 1_ | model | [3] Santos 2024; _cites Dinsdale 1991_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2891%2990030-n) | Table 2, p. 8, row 27; `ORC-H3HH6NVPVD.c91825` | | | gibbs energy contribution; _printed: magΔG_i^φ/SER(0 K)_ | -1564.84 J/mol | 0 | FCC_A1; _alloy: Cr 1_ | model | [3] Santos 2024; _cites Dinsdale 1991_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2891%2990030-n) | Table 2, p. 8, row 21; `ORC-4E33YTCOLE.44f7c1` | | | gibbs energy contribution; _printed: magΔG_i^φ/SER(0 K)_ | -1564.84 J/mol | 0 | FCC_A1; _alloy: Cr 1_ | model | [3] Santos 2024; _cites Dinsdale 1991_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2891%2990030-n) | Table 2, p. 8, row 21; `ORC-4E33YTCOLE.8add46` | | | gibbs energy contribution; _printed: magΔG_i^φ/SER(0 K)_ | -1564.84 J/mol | 0 | HCP_A3; _alloy: Cr 1_ | model | [3] Santos 2024; _cites Dinsdale 1991_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2891%2990030-n) | Table 2, p. 8, row 33; `ORC-C72V6YY4LZ.4126aa` | | | gibbs energy contribution; _printed: magΔG_i^φ/SER(0 K)_ | -1564.84 J/mol | 0 | HCP_A3; _alloy: Cr 1_ | model | [3] Santos 2024; _cites Dinsdale 1991_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2891%2990030-n) | Table 2, p. 8, row 33; `ORC-C72V6YY4LZ.e1b5aa` | | | gibbs energy contribution; _printed: magΔG_i^φ/SER(0 K)_ | 0 J/mol | 0 | σ; _alloy: Cr 1_ | model | [3] Santos 2024; _cites Dinsdale 1991_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2891%2990030-n) | Table 2, p. 8, row 38; `ORC-HOWGJUNNOA.252f74` | | | gibbs energy contribution; _printed: magΔG_i^φ/SER(0 K)_ | 0 J/mol | 0 | σ; _alloy: Cr 1_ | model | [3] Santos 2024; _cites Dinsdale 1991_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2891%2990030-n) | Table 2, p. 8, row 38; `ORC-HOWGJUNNOA.4d814f` | | ### Crystal structure (13) Table: Crystal structure, Cr system | Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote | |---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---| | Lattice a | 2.8548 Å | | BCC Cr | unspecified | [4] Pavlů 2009 | Table 1, p. 2, row 2; `ORC-B3UBOFHLWK.c82748` | | | Lattice a; _printed: a_ | 8.749 Å | 0 | sigma CrCrCrCrCr; _alloy: Cr 1_ | DFT | [1] Palumbo 2010 | Table 1, p. 4, row 1; `ORC-TJDAAFC5ZY.0ce2e0` | | | Lattice a | 2.885 Å | 298.15 | (Cr); _alloy: Cr 1_ | model | [5] Hu 2013; _cites Massalski 1996_ | Table 3, p. 4, row 2; `ORC-VU7TT46FJQ.6144ae` | | | Lattice a | 2.8787 Å | 298.15 | BCC Cr | experimental | [4] Pavlů 2009; _cites Villars 1991_ | Table 1, p. 2, row 1; `ORC-7KJWLHDZBE.3184eb` | | | Lattice a | 2.8848 Å | 298.15 | Cr; _Cr: Cr 1_ | unspecified | [6] Murray 1998; _cites ref. 2_ | Table 3, p. 5, row 9; `ORC-Z4D6J33AMK` | | | Lattice a | 2.884 Å | 2179.95 (\<) | (Cr); _alloy: Cr 1_ | unspecified | [7] Cao 2013; _cites http://crystdb_ | Table 1, p. 2, row 4; `ORC-WXLLWDWLQX` | | | Lattice c | 2.8548 Å | | BCC Cr | unspecified | [4] Pavlů 2009 | Table 1, p. 2, row 2; `ORC-B3UBOFHLWK.83384b` | | | Lattice c; _printed: c_ | 4.561 Å | 0 | sigma CrCrCrCrCr; _alloy: Cr 1_ | DFT | [1] Palumbo 2010 | Table 1, p. 4, row 1; `ORC-TJDAAFC5ZY.c8916d` | | | Lattice c | 2.8787 Å | 298.15 | BCC Cr | experimental | [4] Pavlů 2009; _cites Villars 1991_ | Table 1, p. 2, row 1; `ORC-7KJWLHDZBE.401a1e` | | | lattice c a | 1 not_printed | | BCC Cr | unspecified | [4] Pavlů 2009 | Table 1, p. 2, row 2; `ORC-B3UBOFHLWK.744b0f` | | | lattice c a | 1 not_printed | 298.15 | BCC Cr | experimental | [4] Pavlů 2009; _cites Villars 1991_ | Table 1, p. 2, row 1; `ORC-7KJWLHDZBE.416200` | | | lattice v atom | 1.16327 10^7 pm^3 | | BCC Cr | unspecified | [4] Pavlů 2009 | Table 1, p. 2, row 2; `ORC-B3UBOFHLWK.1b81d9` | | | lattice v atom | 1.19281 10^7 pm^3 | 298.15 | BCC Cr | experimental | [4] Pavlů 2009; _cites Villars 1991_ | Table 1, p. 2, row 1; `ORC-7KJWLHDZBE.85c41e` | | ## Sources Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row). 1. M. Palumbo, T. Abe, C. Kocer, H. Murakami, H. Onodera, Ab initio and thermodynamic study of the Cr–Re system, Calphad 34, 495-503 (2010). [doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2010.09.003](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2010.09.003) 2. C.E. Campbell, U.R. Kattner, Assessment of the Cr-B system and extrapolation to the Ni-Al-Cr-B quaternary system, Calphad 26, 477-490 (2002). [doi:10.1016/s0364-5916(02)00058-5](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0364-5916%2802%2900058-5) 3. Júlio César Pereira dos Santos, Sean Griesemer, Nathalie Dupin, Ursula R. Kattner, Chuan Liu, Daniela Ivanova et al., Applying the Effective Bond Energy Formalism (EBEF) to Describe the Sigma (σ) Phase in the Co-Cr-Ni-Re System, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 45, 330-357 (2024). [doi:10.1007/s11669-023-01079-3](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-023-01079-3) 4. J. Pavlů, J. Vřešt’ál, M. Šob, Stability of Laves phases in the Cr–Zr system, Calphad 33, 382-387 (2009). [doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2008.11.003](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2008.11.003) 5. Biao Hu, Wei-Wei Zhang, Yingbiao Peng, Yong Du, Shuhong Liu, Yuelan Zhang, Thermodynamic reassessment of the Al–Cr–Si system with the refined description of the Al–Cr system, Thermochimica Acta 561, 77-90 (2013). [doi:10.1016/j.tca.2013.03.033](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2013.03.033) 6. J. L. Murray, The Al-Cr (aluminum-chromium) system, JPE 19, 367-375 (1998). [doi:10.1007/bf02735058](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02735058) 7. Z. Cao, J. Xin, C. Chen, S. Liu, B. Hu, C. Tang et al., Thermodynamic modeling of the Bi-M (M = Ti, Cr, V) systems, J min metall B Metall 49, 307-313 (2013). [doi:10.2298/jmmb130127033c](https://doi.org/10.2298/jmmb130127033c) ## Please cite - R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569 - R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065 Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0). Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes. ```bibtex @misc{orchid_literature_2026, author = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon}, title = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}}, version = {2026.10}, publisher = {Zenodo}, year = {2026}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569}, note = {Version 1, machine-extracted} } @misc{orchid_data_2026, author = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon}, title = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}}, version = {2026.10}, publisher = {Zenodo}, year = {2026}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065}, note = {Version 1, machine-extracted} } ``` --- Derived data CC BY 4.0 ([licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)): cite ORCHID ([CITATION.cff](https://data.orchid-project.org/CITATION.cff)) and the original sources. Quotes are short excerpts kept so that each value can be checked; they remain under the publishers' copyright and are not relicensed. Source papers, page images and full text are not redistributed. Field reference: [SCHEMA.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/SCHEMA.md). Machine-readable guide: [llms.txt](https://data.orchid-project.org/llms.txt). Found an error? The report link of a value (Markdown: its id, ORC-..., in the Location column) opens a pre-filled GitHub issue, https://github.com/orchid-calphad/orchid-data/issues/new?template=report-value-error.yml&record_id=\, carrying only the record id, source and value; [how to contribute](https://orchid-project.org/contribute/).