# Cu system

> Cu system: 49 accepted literature values (activity / EMF / Gibbs energy 34, crystal structure 7, mixing / partial 5, formation 2) and 0 calculated phase diagram(s) from ORCHID, each value with evidence class, source, page and quote.

HTML: https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CU.html · Markdown: https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CU.md

49 accepted literature values from 11 paper(s) (experimental 43, DFT 2, unspecified 4); 0 calculated phase diagram(s).

Data: [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/systems/CU.json) · [CSV](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CU.csv) · [interactive explorer](https://orchid-project.org/data-explorer/#CU) · [papers (bibliography)](https://data.orchid-project.org/bibliography/pages/systems/CU.html) · [Markdown](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/CU.md)

Table: Accepted values by evidence class

| Evidence class | Values |
|---|---:|
| experimental | 43 |
| DFT | 2 |
| unspecified | 4 |

Table: Accepted values by property group

| Property group | Values |
|---|---:|
| formation | 2 |
| mixing / partial | 5 |
| heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy | 1 |
| activity / EMF / Gibbs energy | 34 |
| crystal structure | 7 |

## Formation enthalpies

Literature values in kJ/mol-atom where the per-atom basis is known. DFT columns: the lowest-energy entry at the same composition (Materials Project 2026.04.13, OQMD v1.8; different energy references, never averaged), from [dft_parity.json](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/dft_parity.json).

Table: Enthalpies of formation, Cu system (2)

| Phase | Compound | Value | T (K) | Class | MP DFT (kJ/mol-atom) | OQMD DFT (kJ/mol-atom) | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---|---:|---:|---|---:|---:|---|---|---|
| Cu-fcc |  | 0 kJ/mol-atom | 0 | DFT |  |  | [1] Zhou 2007 | Table 1, p. 4, row 1; `ORC-DT52EQ3BEX` |  |
| fcc-Cu |  | 0 kJ/mol-atom | 0 | DFT |  |  | [2] Zhou 2010 | Table 2, p. 3, row 1; `ORC-CRKNTRUNLX.931c23` |  |

## Other properties

### Mixing / partial (5)

Table: Mixing / partial, Cu system

| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enthalpy of mixing; _printed: ΔH_ | 0 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 1673 | liquid; _alloy: Cu 1_ | experimental | [3] Turchanin 2003 | Table 1, p. 3, row 1; `ORC-TXBDHTVQ6B.492950` |  |
| Enthalpy of mixing; _printed: ΔHE_ | 0 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 1810.15 | liquid; _alloy: Cu 1_ | experimental | [4] Kubišta 2000 | Table 4, p. 4, row 11; `ORC-XFCMBPD5UQ.058b39` |  |
| Enthalpy of mixing; _printed: ΔH_ | 0 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 1873 | liquid; _alloy: Cu 1_ | experimental | [3] Turchanin 2003 | Table 1, p. 3, row 4; `ORC-BVC43B4VRA.69b1a3` |  |
| Entropy of mixing; _printed: ΔSE_ | 0 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 1810.15 | liquid; _alloy: Cu 1_ | experimental | [4] Kubišta 2000 | Table 4, p. 4, row 11; `ORC-XFCMBPD5UQ.46cae2` |  |
| Gibbs energy of mixing; _printed: ΔGE_ | 0 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 1810.15 | liquid; _alloy: Cu 1_ | experimental | [4] Kubišta 2000 | Table 4, p. 4, row 11; `ORC-XFCMBPD5UQ.4c00bd` |  |

### Heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy (1)

Table: Heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy, Cu system

| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entropy; _printed: Entropy of fusion (-B)_ | 9.627 J/mol (basis unstated)/K |  | Cu (fcc) | unspecified | [5] Kao 1993; _cites ref. 7_ | Table 1, p. 3, row 1; `ORC-X3DWQAYIPD` |  |

### Activity / EMF / Gibbs energy (34)

Table: Activity / EMF / Gibbs energy, Cu system

| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 \[printed: −76590\]_ | -76590 J/mol | 1373 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Fitzner 1978_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 35; `ORC-3EFJSN4QOF.495051` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 at 1373 K \[printed: −76200, −75820\]_ | -76200 J/mol | 1373 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Diaz 1967_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 10; `ORC-4UXMCVB6KX.5e69cb` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 at 1373 K \[printed: −75400, −73550\]_ | -75400 J/mol | 1373 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Fitzner 1979_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1179/030716979803276255) | Table 3, p. 9, row 37; `ORC-7U23KLOAO4.f871f7` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 at 1373 K \[printed: −76130, −75000\]_ | -76130 J/mol | 1373 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites ref. 71Jac_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 23; `ORC-NMBWFWIITG.62f46f` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 at 1373 K \[printed: −76900, −75960\]_ | -76900 J/mol | 1373 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Wilder 1966_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 9; `ORC-S3NQ2UDDAZ.ebddcf` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 at 1400 K \[printed: −78380, −77920\]_ | -78380 J/mol | 1400 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites E Puchi 1979_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 39; `ORC-DPSOLMSOUE.eaa5e3` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0_ | -78380 J/mol | 1400 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites E Puchi 1979_ | Table 3, p. 10, row 14; `ORC-WN4CVXI72W` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 \[printed: −76650\]_ | -76650 J/mol | 1408 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Nanda 1970_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02900236) | Table 3, p. 9, row 20; `ORC-XZ62TAIPXP.9bf65f` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 \[printed: −76660\]_ | -76660 J/mol | 1418 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Rickert 1966_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686%2866%2985009-0) | Table 3, p. 9, row 8; `ORC-7BFVWN7U2H.586d9b` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 \[printed: −79570\]_ | -79570 J/mol | 1423 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Moser 1975_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 33; `ORC-56337Y7FXN.f880db` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 at 1423 K \[printed: −85530, −85690\]_ | -85530 J/mol | 1423 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites M 1967_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 11; `ORC-HLI7SHVJ2U.d1232a` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 \[printed: −75460\]_ | -75460 J/mol | 1423 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Fischer 1970_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.197003613) | Table 3, p. 9, row 19; `ORC-L5X7GLZTTJ.ba2b82` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 \[printed: −73640\]_ | -73640 J/mol | 1423 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Janke 1975_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 32; `ORC-XAKXVF5BJV.4df163` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 \[printed: −77920\]_ | -77920 J/mol | 1423 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Pluschkell 1965_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 5; `ORC-XB4JYCNZTJ.0149b2` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0_ | -74600 J/mol | 1473 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Sudavtsova 1979_ | Table 3, p. 10, row 2; `ORC-2ZXJFN7YTS.d2db4d` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 at 1473 K \[printed: −76200, −75820\]_ | -75820 J/mol | 1473 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Diaz 1967_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 10; `ORC-4UXMCVB6KX.d6fb81` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 at 1473 K \[printed: −75400, −73550\]_ | -73550 J/mol | 1473 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Fitzner 1979_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1179/030716979803276255) | Table 3, p. 9, row 37; `ORC-7U23KLOAO4.c76159` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 \[printed: −75940\]_ | -75940 J/mol | 1473 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites ref. 69Blo_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 16; `ORC-F4TKBFITLY.72dcd5` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 \[printed: −76360\]_ | -76360 J/mol | 1473 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Staffansson 1974_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 31; `ORC-JBEB4TYVMC.a1aac8` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 \[printed: −75400\]_ | -75400 J/mol | 1473 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites ref. 83Aru_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 46; `ORC-MZOM5VWVM2.cf78d9` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0_ | -75400 J/mol | 1473 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites ref. 83Aru_ | Table 3, p. 10, row 8; `ORC-O76BQIVPLG.d016f9` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 at 1473 K \[printed: −76900, −75960\]_ | -75960 J/mol | 1473 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Wilder 1966_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 9; `ORC-S3NQ2UDDAZ.85e491` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 \[printed: −74600\]_ | -74600 J/mol | 1473 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Sudavtsova 1979_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 40; `ORC-Y2SS7PSHJF.c78b48` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 at 1479 K \[printed: −78380, −77920\]_ | -77920 J/mol | 1479 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites E Puchi 1979_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 39; `ORC-DPSOLMSOUE.ce43c5` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0_ | -77920 J/mol | 1479 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites E Puchi 1979_ | Table 3, p. 10, row 15; `ORC-OCBN7T3CEJ` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 at 1523 K \[printed: −80940, −76620\]_ | -80940 J/mol | 1523 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Hendry 1974_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 30; `ORC-BQUFL322DG.a48893` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 at 1523 K \[printed: −85530, −85690\]_ | -85690 J/mol | 1523 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites M 1967_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 11; `ORC-HLI7SHVJ2U.13c860` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 \[printed: −75240\]_ | -75240 J/mol | 1573 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Kemori 1980_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1960.21.275) | Table 3, p. 9, row 42; `ORC-2PC2ERV2SY.7cecd4` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 at 1573 K \[printed: −76130, −75000\]_ | -75000 J/mol | 1573 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites ref. 71Jac_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 23; `ORC-NMBWFWIITG.a66981` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0_ | -75240 J/mol | 1573 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Kemori 1980_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1960.21.275) | Table 3, p. 10, row 4; `ORC-XM4GY2U7ZY.a2c47d` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 at 1698 K \[printed: −80940, −76620\]_ | -76620 J/mol | 1698 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Hendry 1974_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 30; `ORC-BQUFL322DG.f41550` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 at 1773 K \[printed: −78150, −79080\]_ | -78150 J/mol | 1773 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Tankins 1965_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 6; `ORC-74F5ZZCFJB.d6ce7d` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 at 1823 K \[printed: −78150, −79080\]_ | -79080 J/mol | 1823 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Tankins 1965_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 6; `ORC-74F5ZZCFJB.ef3240` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: ΔG0 \[printed: −75160\]_ | -75160 J/mol | 1873 | liquid Cu | experimental | [6] Hallstedt 1994; _cites Fischer 1971_ | Table 3, p. 9, row 22; `ORC-2GMNJXTTAO.5d1acf` |  |

### Crystal structure (7)

Table: Crystal structure, Cu system

| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lattice a | 3.6147 Å | 291.15 | (Cu); _alloy: Cu 1_ | unspecified | [7] Chakrabarti 1987 | Table 3, p. 3, row 1; `ORC-NINAYAL3WV` |  |
| Lattice a | 3.615 Å | 298.15 | (Cu); _alloy: Cu 1_ | unspecified | [8] Liu 2018 | Table 2, p. 3, row 1; `ORC-DEFSDDVCWU` |  |
| Lattice a | 3.615 not_printed | 298.15 | Cu; _alloy: Cu 1_ | experimental | [9] Premović 2017; _cites Owen 1933_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1080/14786443309462199) | Table 1, p. 2, row 4; `ORC-2BTQQX2FUI.47a36d` |  |
| Lattice a | 3.614 Å | 298.15 | Cu | unspecified | [10] An 2012 | Table 2, p. 5, row 5; `ORC-S6H2HF2P33` |  |
| Lattice a | 3.613 Å | 298.15 | FCC(Cu) | experimental | [11] Liu 2023; _cites Suh 1988_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01174717) | Table 1, p. 3, row 1; `ORC-IEIYEXYMWD` |  |
| Lattice b | 3.615 not_printed | 298.15 | Cu; _alloy: Cu 1_ | experimental | [9] Premović 2017; _cites Owen 1933_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1080/14786443309462199) | Table 1, p. 2, row 4; `ORC-2BTQQX2FUI.e7bfa1` |  |
| Lattice c | 3.615 not_printed | 298.15 | Cu; _alloy: Cu 1_ | experimental | [9] Premović 2017; _cites Owen 1933_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1080/14786443309462199) | Table 1, p. 2, row 4; `ORC-2BTQQX2FUI.07f0aa` |  |

## Sources

Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).

1. Shihuai Zhou, Yi Wang, Frank G. Shi, Ferdinand Sommer, Long-Qing Chen, Zi-Kui Liu et al., Modeling of Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Equilibria for the Cu-Mg Binary System, J Phs Eqil and Diff 28, 158-166 (2007). [doi:10.1007/s11669-007-9022-0](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-007-9022-0)
2. S.H. Zhou, R.E. Napolitano, Phase stability for the Cu–Zr system: First-principles, experiments and solution-based modeling, Acta Materialia 58, 2186-2196 (2010). [doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2009.12.004](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2009.12.004)
3. M. A. Turchanin, P. G. Agraval, I. V. Nikolaenko, Thermodynamics of alloys and phase equilibria in the copper-iron system, JPE 24, 307-319 (2003). [doi:10.1361/105497103770330280](https://doi.org/10.1361/105497103770330280)
4. Jaroslav Kubišta, Jan Vřešt’ál, Thermodynamics of the liquid Co-Cu system and calculation of phase diagram, JPE 21, 125-129 (2000). [doi:10.1361/105497100770340165](https://doi.org/10.1361/105497100770340165)
5. C. R. Kao, A. Bolccwage, S. -L. Chen, S. W. Chen, Y. A. Chang, A. D. Romig, Phase equilibria of the cu-in system II: Thermodynamic assessment and calculation of phase diagram, JPE 14, 22-30 (1993). [doi:10.1007/bf02652158](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02652158)
6. B. Hallstedt, D. Risold, L. J. Gauckler, Thermodynamic assessment of the copper-oxygen system, JPE 15, 483-499 (1994). [doi:10.1007/bf02649399](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02649399)
7. D. J. Chakrabarti, D. E. Laughlin, The Cu−Ir (Copper-Iridium) system, JPE 8, 132-136 (1987). [doi:10.1007/bf02873198](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02873198)
8. Yuling Liu, Bo Sundman, Yong Du, Jiong Wang, Shuhong Liu, Wei Ping Gong et al., A stepwise thermodynamic modeling of the phase diagram for the Cu–Be system, J Mater Sci 53, 3756-3766 (2018). [doi:10.1007/s10853-017-1777-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1777-z)
9. Milena Premović, Yong Du, Fan Zhang, Bo Sundman, Duško Minić, Biao Hu, Phase equilibria in the ternary B-Ce-Cu system with a thermodynamic reassessment of the binary B-Ce system, Thermochimica Acta 657, 185-196 (2017). [doi:10.1016/j.tca.2017.10.006](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2017.10.006)
10. Xuehui An, Qian Li, Jieyu Zhang, Shuanglin Chen, Ying Yang, Phase equilibria of the La–Ni–Cu ternary system at 673 K: Thermodynamic modeling and experimental validation, Calphad 36, 8-15 (2012). [doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2011.10.004](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2011.10.004)
11. Runlin Liu, Jiong Wang, Dongyu Cui, Thermodynamic Modeling of the Cu-Sb-Se System, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 44, 687-703 (2023). [doi:10.1007/s11669-023-01074-8](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-023-01074-8)

## Please cite

- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0).

Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

```bibtex
@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}
```

---

Derived data CC BY 4.0 ([licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)): cite ORCHID ([CITATION.cff](https://data.orchid-project.org/CITATION.cff)) and the original sources. Quotes are short excerpts kept so that each value can be checked; they remain under the publishers' copyright and are not relicensed. Source papers, page images and full text are not redistributed. Field reference: [SCHEMA.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/SCHEMA.md). Machine-readable guide: [llms.txt](https://data.orchid-project.org/llms.txt). Found an error? The report link of a value (Markdown: its id, ORC-..., in the Location column) opens a pre-filled GitHub issue, https://github.com/orchid-calphad/orchid-data/issues/new?template=report-value-error.yml&record_id=\<id>, carrying only the record id, source and value; [how to contribute](https://orchid-project.org/contribute/).