Gd–Ge system

27 accepted literature values from 1 paper(s) (experimental 13, model 13, unspecified 1); 1 calculated phase diagram(s). 14 further extracted value(s) not accepted by the reader-agreement checks are only in the JSON/CSV.

Data: JSON · CSV · interactive explorer · interactive phase diagram · phases (14) · papers (bibliography) · Markdown

Accepted values by evidence class
Evidence class	Values
experimental	13
model	13
unspecified	1

Accepted values by property group
Property group	Values
invariant reaction	26
formation	1

Calculated phase diagrams

Binary phase diagrams calculated with pycalphad 0.11.2 from the SGTE binary collection (Hallstedt 2025, CC BY 4.0). Evidence class: model.

Assessments with a calculated phase diagram
TDB file	Assessment	SHA-256	Links
GdGe-08Che.tdb	H.-L. Chen, Y. Du, C.-Y. He, J. Alloys Compd., 462, 181-86(2008). doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.07.105	`fc48e8e82696745edb2accb0d4c00d8c2ee9fa258e0b2a99316cf03fb94233ff`	viewer · TDB · JSON

Calculated three-phase invariants (model, mole fraction of the second component)
TDB file	T (K)	Phases at the invariant
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1962.66	GD5GE3_D88 (x(Ge) 0.375) + GD5GE4 (x(Ge) 0.44444) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.46006)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1962.66	GD5GE3_D88 (x(Ge) 0.375) + GD5GE4 (x(Ge) 0.44444) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.45995)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1962.66	GD5GE3_D88 (x(Ge) 0.375) + GD5GE4 (x(Ge) 0.44444) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.4602)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1843.96	GD5GE4 (x(Ge) 0.44444) + GDGE_B33 (x(Ge) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.5392)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1843.96	GD5GE4 (x(Ge) 0.44444) + GDGE_B33 (x(Ge) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.53928)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1843.96	GD5GE4 (x(Ge) 0.44444) + GDGE_B33 (x(Ge) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.53889)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1687.12	GDGE_B33 (x(Ge) 0.5) + GD2GE3_GAMMA (x(Ge) 0.6) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.62176)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1687.12	GDGE_B33 (x(Ge) 0.5) + GD2GE3_GAMMA (x(Ge) 0.6) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.62167)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1687.12	GDGE_B33 (x(Ge) 0.5) + GD2GE3_GAMMA (x(Ge) 0.6) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.62162)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1508.16	HCP_A3 (x(Ge) 0) + BCC_A2 (x(Ge) 0) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.03879)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1483.24	GDGE_B33 (x(Ge) 0.5) + GD2GE3_BETA (x(Ge) 0.59) + GD2GE3_GAMMA (x(Ge) 0.6)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1386.04	HCP_A3 (x(Ge) 0) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.09693) + GD5GE3_D88 (x(Ge) 0.375)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1342.95	GD2GE3_BETA (x(Ge) 0.59) + GD2GE3_GAMMA (x(Ge) 0.6) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.77293)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1342.95	GD2GE3_BETA (x(Ge) 0.59) + GD2GE3_GAMMA (x(Ge) 0.6) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.77293)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1342.95	GD2GE3_BETA (x(Ge) 0.59) + GD2GE3_GAMMA (x(Ge) 0.6) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.77287)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1163.07	GD2GE3_BETA (x(Ge) 0.59) + GD2GE5 (x(Ge) 0.71989) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.83496)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1163.07	GD2GE3_BETA (x(Ge) 0.59) + GD2GE5 (x(Ge) 0.71989) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.83484)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1132.59	GD2GE5 (x(Ge) 0.71989) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.84862) + DIAMOND_A4 (x(Ge) 1)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1132.59	GD2GE5 (x(Ge) 0.71989) + LIQUID (x(Ge) 0.84855) + DIAMOND_A4 (x(Ge) 1)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1122.89	GD2GE3_BETA (x(Ge) 0.59) + GD2GE5 (x(Ge) 0.71989) + DIAMOND_A4 (x(Ge) 1)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1106.03	GDGE_B33 (x(Ge) 0.5) + GD2GE3_C32 (x(Ge) 0.59) + GD2GE3_BETA (x(Ge) 0.59)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1106.03	GD2GE3_BETA (x(Ge) 0.59) + GD2GE3_C32 (x(Ge) 0.59) + DIAMOND_A4 (x(Ge) 1)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	1080.44	GD2GE3_C32 (x(Ge) 0.59) + GD3GE5_BETA (x(Ge) 0.625) + DIAMOND_A4 (x(Ge) 1)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	872	GD2GE3_C32 (x(Ge) 0.59) + GD3GE5_CC (x(Ge) 0.625) + GD3GE5_BETA (x(Ge) 0.625)
GdGe-08Che.tdb	872	GD3GE5_BETA (x(Ge) 0.625) + GD3GE5_CC (x(Ge) 0.625) + DIAMOND_A4 (x(Ge) 1)

Convex hulls: Materials Project DFT hull · OQMD DFT hull

Invariant reactions (literature)

Invariant reactions reported in the literature for the Gd–Ge system (26)
T (K)	Reaction / phases	Compositions (mole fraction)	Class	Source	Location
2063	congruent melting: L -> Gd5Ge3	L: Gd 0.625, Ge 0.375; Gd5Ge3: Gd 0.625, Ge 0.375	model	[1] Chen 2008	Table 2, p. 5, row 4 report
2063	congruent melting: L -> Gd5Ge3	L: Gd 0.625, Ge 0.375; Gd5Ge3: Gd 0.625, Ge 0.375	experimental	[1] Chen 2008 cites Eremenko 1980 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 3 report
1963	L + Gd5Ge3 -> Gd5Ge4	Gd5Ge3: Gd 0.625, Ge 0.375; Gd5Ge4: Gd 0.555556, Ge 0.444444	experimental	[1] Chen 2008 cites Eremenko 1980 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 5 report
1963	L + Gd5Ge3 -> Gd5Ge4	Gd5Ge3: Gd 0.625, Ge 0.375; Gd5Ge4: Gd 0.555556, Ge 0.444444	model	[1] Chen 2008	Table 2, p. 5, row 6 report
1844	L + Gd5Ge4 -> GdGe	Gd5Ge4: Gd 0.555556, Ge 0.444444; GdGe: Gd 0.5, Ge 0.5	model	[1] Chen 2008	Table 2, p. 5, row 8 report
1843	L + Gd5Ge4 -> GdGe	Gd5Ge4: Gd 0.555556, Ge 0.444444; GdGe: Gd 0.5, Ge 0.5	experimental	[1] Chen 2008 cites Eremenko 1980 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 7 report
1688	L + GdGe -> γ-Gd2Ge3	GdGe: Gd 0.5, Ge 0.5; γ-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.4, Ge 0.6	experimental	[1] Chen 2008 cites Eremenko 1980 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 9 report
1687	L + GdGe -> γ-Gd2Ge3	GdGe: Gd 0.5, Ge 0.5; γ-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.4, Ge 0.6	model	[1] Chen 2008	Table 2, p. 5, row 10 report
1483	γ-Gd2Ge3 + GdGe -> β-Gd2Ge3	γ-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.4, Ge 0.6; GdGe: Gd 0.5, Ge 0.5; β-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.41, Ge 0.59	experimental	[1] Chen 2008 cites Eremenko 1980 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 11 report
1483	γ-Gd2Ge3 + GdGe -> β-Gd2Ge3	γ-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.4, Ge 0.6; GdGe: Gd 0.5, Ge 0.5; β-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.41, Ge 0.59	model	[1] Chen 2008	Table 2, p. 5, row 12 report
1386	eutectic: L -> α-Gd + Gd5Ge3	Gd5Ge3: Gd 0.625, Ge 0.375	experimental	[1] Chen 2008 cites Eremenko 1980 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 1 report
1386	eutectic: L -> α-Gd + Gd5Ge3	Gd5Ge3: Gd 0.625, Ge 0.375	model	[1] Chen 2008	Table 2, p. 5, row 2 report
1343	γ-Gd2Ge3 -> β-Gd2Ge3 + L	γ-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.4, Ge 0.6; β-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.41, Ge 0.59	model	[1] Chen 2008	Table 2, p. 5, row 14 report
1343	γ-Gd2Ge3 -> β-Gd2Ge3 + L	γ-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.4, Ge 0.6; β-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.41, Ge 0.59	experimental	[1] Chen 2008 cites Eremenko 1980 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 13 report
1163	β-Gd2Ge3 + L -> GdGe2.57	β-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.41, Ge 0.59; GdGe2.57: Gd 0.280112, Ge 0.719888	model	[1] Chen 2008	Table 2, p. 5, row 16 report
1163	β-Gd2Ge3 + L -> GdGe2.57	β-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.41, Ge 0.59; GdGe2.57: Gd 0.280112, Ge 0.719888	experimental	[1] Chen 2008 cites Eremenko 1980 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 15 report
1133	eutectic: L -> GdGe2.57 + Ge	GdGe2.57: Gd 0.280112, Ge 0.719888	model	[1] Chen 2008	Table 2, p. 5, row 18 report
1133	eutectic: L -> GdGe2.57 + Ge	GdGe2.57: Gd 0.280112, Ge 0.719888	experimental	[1] Chen 2008 cites Eremenko 1980 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 17 report
1123	GdGe2.57 -> β-Gd2Ge3 + Ge	GdGe2.57: Gd 0.280112, Ge 0.719888; β-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.41, Ge 0.59	model	[1] Chen 2008	Table 2, p. 5, row 20 report
1123	GdGe2.57 -> β-Gd2Ge3 + Ge	GdGe2.57: Gd 0.280112, Ge 0.719888; β-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.41, Ge 0.59	experimental	[1] Chen 2008 cites Eremenko 1980 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 19 report
1106	polymorphic: β-Gd2Ge3 -> α-Gd2Ge3	β-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.41, Ge 0.59; α-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.41, Ge 0.59	model	[1] Chen 2008	Table 2, p. 5, row 22 report
1106	polymorphic: β-Gd2Ge3 -> α-Gd2Ge3	β-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.41, Ge 0.59; α-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.41, Ge 0.59	experimental	[1] Chen 2008 cites Eremenko 1980 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 21 report
1081	α-Gd2Ge3 + Ge -> β-Gd5Ge3	α-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.41, Ge 0.59; β-Gd5Ge3: Gd 0.625, Ge 0.375	experimental	[1] Chen 2008 cites Eremenko 1980 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 23 report
1080	α-Gd2Ge3 + Ge -> β-Gd5Ge3	α-Gd2Ge3: Gd 0.41, Ge 0.59; β-Gd5Ge3: Gd 0.625, Ge 0.375	model	[1] Chen 2008	Table 2, p. 5, row 24 report
873	polymorphic: β-Gd5Ge3 -> α-Gd5Ge3	β-Gd5Ge3: Gd 0.625, Ge 0.375	unspecified	[1] Chen 2008 cites Gokhale 1989 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 25 report
872	polymorphic: β-Gd5Ge3 -> α-Gd5Ge3	β-Gd5Ge3: Gd 0.625, Ge 0.375	model	[1] Chen 2008	Table 2, p. 5, row 26 report

Formation enthalpies

Literature values in kJ/mol-atom where the per-atom basis is known. DFT columns: the lowest-energy entry at the same composition (Materials Project 2026.04.13, OQMD v1.8; different energy references, never averaged), from dft_parity.json.

Enthalpies of formation, Gd–Ge system (1)
Phase	Compound	Value	T (K)	Class	MP DFT (kJ/mol-atom)	OQMD DFT (kJ/mol-atom)	Source	Location	Quote
Gd5Ge3		-82 unspecified ± 2.6	298.15	experimental			[1] Chen 2008 cites Meschel 1995 doi	p. 2 report	Using direct-synthesis calorimetry, Meschel and Kleppa [27] determined the standard enthalpy of formation of Gd5 Ge3 to be -82.0 ± 2.6 kJ/mol-atoms at 1473 ± 2 K.

Sources

Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).

Hai-Lin Chen, Yong Du, Cui-Yun He, Thermodynamic modeling of the gadolinium–germanium system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 462, 181-186 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.07.105

Please cite

R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735569
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735859
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD) (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735891
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0). Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_phase_diagrams_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735859},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735859}
}

@misc{orchid_hulls_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD)}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735891},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735891}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}