# Gd system

> Gd system: 15 accepted literature values (phase transition 7, crystal structure 6, invariant reaction 2) and 0 calculated phase diagram(s) from ORCHID, each value with evidence class, source, page and quote.

HTML: https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GD.html · Markdown: https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GD.md

15 accepted literature values from 6 paper(s) (experimental 6, model 6, unspecified 3); 0 calculated phase diagram(s).

Data: [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/systems/GD.json) · [CSV](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GD.csv) · [interactive explorer](https://orchid-project.org/data-explorer/#GD) · [papers (bibliography)](https://data.orchid-project.org/bibliography/pages/systems/GD.html) · [Markdown](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GD.md)

Table: Accepted values by evidence class

| Evidence class | Values |
|---|---:|
| experimental | 6 |
| model | 6 |
| unspecified | 3 |

Table: Accepted values by property group

| Property group | Values |
|---|---:|
| invariant reaction | 2 |
| phase transition | 7 |
| crystal structure | 6 |

## Invariant reactions (literature)

Table: Invariant reactions reported in the literature for the Gd system (2)

| T (K) | Reaction / phases | Compositions (mole fraction) | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---:|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1508.15 | polymorphic: βGd ↔ αGd | αGd: Gd 1 | model | [1] Wang 2009 | Table 3, p. 4, row 5; `ORC-DTJGNMJPNN` |  |
| 1508.15 | polymorphic: βGd ↔ αGd | αGd: Gd 1 | experimental | [1] Wang 2009; _cites Gschneidner 1985_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02869227) | Table 3, p. 4, row 4; `ORC-JLOUOP67BN` |  |

## Other properties

### Phase transition (7)

Table: Phase transition, Gd system

| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase transition | 1508 K | 1508 | polymorphic: Gd; _alloy: Gd 1_ | model | [2] Norgren 2000; _cites Saunders 1998_ | Table 1, p. 4, row 12; `ORC-E2A7DMZQFO` |  |
| Phase transition | 1508 K | 1508 | βGd -> αGd; _βGd: _ | model | [3] Cui 2013 | Table 1, p. 2, row 6; `ORC-3WJBBPRNWL` |  |
| Phase transition | 1508 K | 1508 | βGd -> αGd; _βGd: _ | experimental | [3] Cui 2013; _cites Niessen 1983_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2883%2990030-5) | Table 1, p. 2, row 4; `ORC-V3QYOWMKGK` |  |
| Phase transition | 1508.15 K | 1508.15 | polymorphic: (βGd) \<=> (αGd); _(βGd): Gd 1_ | model | [4] Boukideur 2020 | Table 3, p. 4, row 30; `ORC-3C2CVCGPNP` |  |
| Phase transition | 1508.15 K | 1508.15 | polymorphic: (βGd) \<=> (αGd); _(βGd): Gd 1_ | experimental | [4] Boukideur 2020; _cites Palenzona 1990_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02841585) | Table 3, p. 4, row 31; `ORC-LATJI4OBAT` |  |
| Phase transition | 1535 K | 1535 | polymorphic: Gd; _alloy: Gd 1_ | model | [2] Norgren 2000; _cites Dinsdale 1991_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2891%2990030-n) | Table 1, p. 4, row 11; `ORC-NN3U47DDXE` |  |
| Phase transition | 1536 K | 1536 | polymorphic: Gd; _alloy: Gd 1_ | model | [2] Norgren 2000; _cites Huasen 1995_ | Table 1, p. 4, row 13; `ORC-ENM44OOULP` |  |

### Crystal structure (6)

Table: Crystal structure, Gd system

| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lattice a | 4.05 Å | 297.15 | (βGd); _(βGd): Gd 1_ | unspecified | [5] Alcock 1986; _cites ref. 86Gsc2_ | Table 1, p. 3, row 2; `ORC-C7RXU6CLR3` |  |
| Lattice a | 3.6336 Å | 298.15 | (αGd); _(αGd): Gd 1_ | unspecified | [5] Alcock 1986; _cites ref. 86Gsc2_ | Table 1, p. 3, row 1; `ORC-UNKXTPSCFH.5237ed` |  |
| Lattice a | 4.05 Å | 298.15 | bcc(Gd); _alloy: Gd 1_ | experimental | [6] Cui 2023; _cites Miller 1964_ | Table 1, p. 2, row 1; `ORC-PFG5GJKHRP` |  |
| Lattice a | 6.36 Å | 298.15 | hcp(Gd); _alloy: Gd 1_ | experimental | [6] Cui 2023; _cites Wakabayashi 1968_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.25.227) | Table 1, p. 2, row 2; `ORC-OJYBRIF3RZ.3c61a8` |  |
| Lattice c | 5.781 Å | 298.15 | (αGd); _(αGd): Gd 1_ | unspecified | [5] Alcock 1986; _cites ref. 86Gsc2_ | Table 1, p. 3, row 1; `ORC-UNKXTPSCFH.921f6f` |  |
| Lattice c | 5.78 Å | 298.15 | hcp(Gd); _alloy: Gd 1_ | experimental | [6] Cui 2023; _cites Wakabayashi 1968_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.25.227) | Table 1, p. 2, row 2; `ORC-OJYBRIF3RZ.aee03b` |  |

## Sources

Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).

1. S.L. Wang, C.P. Wang, X.J. Liu, K. Ishida, Thermodynamic assessments of the Ag–Gd and Ag–Nd systems, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 476, 245-252 (2009). [doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.09.129](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.09.129)
2. Susanne Norgren, Thermodynamic assessment of the Ho-Tb, Ho-Dy, Ho-Er, Er-Tb, and Er-Dy systems, JPE 21, 148-156 (2000). [doi:10.1361/105497100770340200](https://doi.org/10.1361/105497100770340200)
3. Jiaxin Cui, Cuiping Guo, Changrong Li, Zhenmin Du, Thermodynamic optimization of the Gd–Pb system using random solution and associate models, Calphad 42, 1-5 (2013). [doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2013.06.002](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2013.06.002)
4. M. AiT Boukideur, N. Selhaoui, F.Z. chrifi Alaoui, A. Iddaoudi, K. Achgar, Thermodynamic modeling of the Ga-Gd binary system, Materials Today: Proceedings 24, 71-75 (2020). [doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.598](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.598)
5. C. B. Alcock, V. P. Itkin, The Ba−Ca (Barium-Calcium) system, Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams 7, 338-340 (1986). [doi:10.1007/bf02873004](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02873004)
6. Dongyu Cui, Jiong Wang, Jiaqiang Zhou, Thermodynamic Modeling of the Te-X (X = Gd, Dy, Ho) Binary Systems Combined with the First-Principles Method, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 44, 456-467 (2023). [doi:10.1007/s11669-023-01051-1](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-023-01051-1)

## Please cite

- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0).

Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

```bibtex
@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}
```

---

Derived data CC BY 4.0 ([licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)): cite ORCHID ([CITATION.cff](https://data.orchid-project.org/CITATION.cff)) and the original sources. Quotes are short excerpts kept so that each value can be checked; they remain under the publishers' copyright and are not relicensed. Source papers, page images and full text are not redistributed. Field reference: [SCHEMA.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/SCHEMA.md). Machine-readable guide: [llms.txt](https://data.orchid-project.org/llms.txt). Found an error? The report link of a value (Markdown: its id, ORC-..., in the Location column) opens a pre-filled GitHub issue, https://github.com/orchid-calphad/orchid-data/issues/new?template=report-value-error.yml&record_id=\<id>, carrying only the record id, source and value; [how to contribute](https://orchid-project.org/contribute/).