Ge–Sn system

10 accepted literature values from 3 paper(s) (experimental 9, model 1); 2 calculated phase diagram(s). 2 further extracted value(s) not accepted by the reader-agreement checks are only in the JSON/CSV.

Data: JSON · CSV · interactive explorer · interactive phase diagram · phases (6) · papers (bibliography) · Markdown

Accepted values by evidence class
Evidence class	Values
experimental	9
model	1

Accepted values by property group
Property group	Values
mixing / partial	10

Calculated phase diagrams

Binary phase diagrams calculated with pycalphad 0.11.2 from the SGTE binary collection (Hallstedt 2025, CC BY 4.0). Evidence class: model.

Assessments with a calculated phase diagram
TDB file	Assessment	SHA-256	Links
GeSn-79Ans.tdb	I. Ansara, J.P. Bros, M. Gambino, Calphad, 3, 225-233(1979). doi:10.1016/0364-5916(79)90006-3	`e5c9457371c4b038dc9e341e04bff8bfa0ea6fb59f4d71e8a0ad94e456f90bc4`	viewer · TDB · JSON
GeSn-96Feu-LB.tdb	Y. Feutelais, B. Legendre, S.G. Fries, Calphad, 20, 109-23(1996). doi:10.1016/0364-5916(96)00018-1	`5b1370f2e9cad0c7fea42f48a3f7a068dfa6aaa7d457335e9a8be096fbeb4a06`	viewer · TDB · JSON

Calculated three-phase invariants (model, mole fraction of the second component)
TDB file	T (K)	Phases at the invariant
GeSn-79Ans.tdb	504.12	DIAMOND_A4 (x(Sn) 5.000e-5) + LIQUID (x(Sn) 0.99682) + BCT_A5 (x(Sn) 1)
GeSn-79Ans.tdb	504.12	DIAMOND_A4 (x(Sn) 5.000e-5) + LIQUID (x(Sn) 0.9968) + BCT_A5 (x(Sn) 1)
GeSn-79Ans.tdb	504.12	DIAMOND_A4 (x(Sn) 5.000e-5) + LIQUID (x(Sn) 0.9968) + BCT_A5 (x(Sn) 1)
GeSn-96Feu-LB.tdb	504.21	DIAMOND_A4 (x(Sn) 0.00639) + LIQUID (x(Sn) 0.99712) + BCT_A5 (x(Sn) 0.99999)
GeSn-96Feu-LB.tdb	504.21	DIAMOND_A4 (x(Sn) 0.00639) + LIQUID (x(Sn) 0.99711) + BCT_A5 (x(Sn) 0.99999)

Convex hulls: Materials Project DFT hull · OQMD DFT hull · CALPHAD hull GeSn-79Ans

Other properties

Mixing / partial (10)

Mixing / partial, Ge–Sn system
Property	Value	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location	Quote
Partial enthalpy printed: ΔH_Ge^∞	40.1004 kJ/mol (basis unstated)		liquid	model	[1] Feutelais 1996	Table 4, p. 7, row 5 report
Partial enthalpy printed: ΔH_Ge^∞	41.7145 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	623	liquid	experimental	[1] Feutelais 1996 cites ref. 66	Table 4, p. 7, row 2 report
Partial enthalpy printed: ΔH_Ge^∞	41.7145 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	623	liquid	experimental	[1] Feutelais 1996 cites ref. 62	Table 4, p. 7, row 1 report
Partial enthalpy printed: ΔsolH∞Ge(l)	3.35 kJ/mol-atom ± 0.47	927	liquid Sn alloy: Sn 1	experimental	[2] Gierlotka 2022	Table 3, p. 2, row 3 report
Partial enthalpy printed: ΔsolH∞Ge(l)	3.65 kJ/mol-atom ± 0.47	927	liquid Sn alloy: Sn 1	experimental	[2] Gierlotka 2022	Table 3, p. 2, row 1 report
Partial enthalpy printed: ΔsolH∞Ge(l)	3.1 kJ/mol-atom ± 0.47	927	liquid Sn alloy: Sn 1	experimental	[2] Gierlotka 2022	Table 3, p. 2, row 4 report
Partial enthalpy printed: ΔsolH∞Ge(l)	2.86 kJ/mol-atom ± 0.47	927	liquid Sn alloy: Sn 1	experimental	[2] Gierlotka 2022	Table 3, p. 2, row 2 report
Partial enthalpy printed: ΔH_Ge^∞	40.1538 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	963.5	liquid	experimental	[1] Feutelais 1996 cites ref. 66	Table 4, p. 7, row 3 report
Partial enthalpy printed: heat of solution	3.21 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	973		experimental	[3] Ansara 1979 cites SCHMIEDL 1973	p. 4 report	MATHIEU (25) has measured the heat of solution of Ge in liquid tin at infinite dilution at973K and obtaineda value of 3210 J.mol'1 if the liquid elmentsare taken as reference state.
Partial enthalpy printed: ΔH_Ge^∞	40.3338 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	1083	liquid	experimental	[1] Feutelais 1996 cites ref. 79	Table 4, p. 7, row 4 report

Sources

Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).

Y. Feutelais, B. Legendre, S.G. Fries, Thermodynamic evaluation of the system germanium — tin, Calphad 20, 109-123 (1996). doi:10.1016/0364-5916(96)00018-1
W. Gierlotka, A. Dębski, M. Zabrocki, A. Góral, W. Gąsior, Phase diagram, thermodynamic studies, and ab-initio calculations of the Ge-Li system, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 175, 106883 (2022). doi:10.1016/j.jct.2022.106883
I. Ansara, J.P. Bros, M. Gambino, Thermodynamic analysis of the germanium-based ternary systems (AlGaGe, AlGeSn, GaGeSn), Calphad 3, 225-233 (1979). doi:10.1016/0364-5916(79)90006-3

Please cite

R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735569
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735859
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD) (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735891
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0). Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_phase_diagrams_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735859},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735859}
}

@misc{orchid_hulls_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD)}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735891},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735891}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}