# Ge–Ti system

> Ge–Ti system: 54 accepted literature values (invariant reaction 46, phase transition 6, formation 2) and 2 calculated phase diagram(s) from ORCHID, each value with evidence class, source, page and quote.

HTML: https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-TI.html · Markdown: https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-TI.md

54 accepted literature values from 2 paper(s) (experimental 33, model 9, unspecified 12); 2 calculated phase diagram(s). 2 further extracted value(s) not accepted by the reader-agreement checks are only in the JSON/CSV.

Data: [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/systems/GE-TI.json) · [CSV](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-TI.csv) · [interactive explorer](https://orchid-project.org/data-explorer/#GE-TI) · [interactive phase diagram](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#GE-TI/GeTi-11Liu.json) · [phases (9)](https://data.orchid-project.org/phases/pages/GE-TI.html) · [papers (bibliography)](https://data.orchid-project.org/bibliography/pages/systems/GE-TI.html) · [Markdown](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/GE-TI.md)

Table: Accepted values by evidence class

| Evidence class | Values |
|---|---:|
| experimental | 33 |
| model | 9 |
| unspecified | 12 |

Table: Accepted values by property group

| Property group | Values |
|---|---:|
| invariant reaction | 46 |
| phase transition | 6 |
| formation | 2 |

## Calculated phase diagrams

Binary phase diagrams calculated with pycalphad 0.11.2 from the SGTE binary collection (Hallstedt 2025, CC BY 4.0). Evidence class: model.

Table: Assessments with a calculated phase diagram

| TDB file | Assessment | SHA-256 | Links |
|---|---|---|---|
| GeTi-11Liu.tdb | D. Liu, H. Yan, X. Yuan, Y. Chung, Y. Du, H. Xu, L. Liu, P. Nash, Thermochim. Acta, 521, 148-54(2011). [doi:10.1016/j.tca.2011.04.017](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2011.04.017) | `8e9ef8474ea28d1f6a9ba116189059091a9ac4d7c461a48419e855aec3c67f33` | [viewer](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#GE-TI/GeTi-11Liu.json) · [TDB](https://orchid-project.org/data/databases/sgte-binary/GeTi-11Liu.tdb) · [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/sgte/GeTi-11Liu.json) |
| GeTi-23Zob.tdb | O. Zobac, A. Kroupa, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus., 44, 115-26(2023). [doi:10.1007/s11669-023-01028-0](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-023-01028-0) | `ecd81bb074f7659acc8f3a8e5fd9841fec8abeb4da6accb63d20ba6fa8be4037` | [viewer](https://orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/#GE-TI/GeTi-23Zob.json) · [TDB](https://orchid-project.org/data/databases/sgte-binary/GeTi-23Zob.tdb) · [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/phase-diagrams/sgte/GeTi-23Zob.json) |

Table: Calculated three-phase invariants (model, mole fraction of the second component)

| TDB file | T (K) | Phases at the invariant |
|---|---:|---|
| GeTi-11Liu.tdb | 1939.17 | LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.46685) + GE5TI6 (x(Ti) 0.54545) + GE3TI5_D88 (x(Ti) 0.625) |
| GeTi-11Liu.tdb | 1939.17 | LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.46684) + GE5TI6 (x(Ti) 0.54545) + GE3TI5_D88 (x(Ti) 0.625) |
| GeTi-11Liu.tdb | 1939.17 | LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.46705) + GE5TI6 (x(Ti) 0.54545) + GE3TI5_D88 (x(Ti) 0.625) |
| GeTi-11Liu.tdb | 1630.4 | GE3TI5_D88 (x(Ti) 0.625) + LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.85909) + BCC_A2 (x(Ti) 0.91179) |
| GeTi-11Liu.tdb | 1630.4 | GE3TI5_D88 (x(Ti) 0.625) + LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.85912) + BCC_A2 (x(Ti) 0.91181) |
| GeTi-11Liu.tdb | 1391.67 | LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.24872) + GE2TI_C54 (x(Ti) 0.33333) + GE5TI6 (x(Ti) 0.54545) |
| GeTi-11Liu.tdb | 1391.67 | LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.24872) + GE2TI_C54 (x(Ti) 0.33333) + GE5TI6 (x(Ti) 0.54545) |
| GeTi-11Liu.tdb | 1391.67 | LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.24864) + GE2TI_C54 (x(Ti) 0.33333) + GE5TI6 (x(Ti) 0.54545) |
| GeTi-11Liu.tdb | 1196.78 | DIAMOND_A4 (x(Ti) 0.02257) + LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.09285) + GE2TI_C54 (x(Ti) 0.33333) |
| GeTi-11Liu.tdb | 1196.78 | DIAMOND_A4 (x(Ti) 0.02247) + LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.09222) + GE2TI_C54 (x(Ti) 0.33333) |
| GeTi-11Liu.tdb | 1166.57 | GE3TI5_D88 (x(Ti) 0.625) + HCP_A3 (x(Ti) 0.9585) + BCC_A2 (x(Ti) 0.95984) |
| GeTi-11Liu.tdb | 1166.57 | GE3TI5_D88 (x(Ti) 0.625) + HCP_A3 (x(Ti) 0.95881) + BCC_A2 (x(Ti) 0.96015) |
| GeTi-23Zob.tdb | 1924.26 | LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.418) + GE5TI6 (x(Ti) 0.54545) + GE3TI5_D88 (x(Ti) 0.6104) |
| GeTi-23Zob.tdb | 1924.26 | LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.4181) + GE5TI6 (x(Ti) 0.54545) + GE3TI5_D88 (x(Ti) 0.61043) |
| GeTi-23Zob.tdb | 1878.4 | GE5TI6 (x(Ti) 0.54545) + GE4TI5 (x(Ti) 0.55556) + GE3TI5_D88 (x(Ti) 0.61075) |
| GeTi-23Zob.tdb | 1878.4 | GE5TI6 (x(Ti) 0.54545) + GE4TI5 (x(Ti) 0.55556) + GE3TI5_D88 (x(Ti) 0.61074) |
| GeTi-23Zob.tdb | 1878.4 | GE5TI6 (x(Ti) 0.54545) + GE4TI5 (x(Ti) 0.55556) + GE3TI5_D88 (x(Ti) 0.61075) |
| GeTi-23Zob.tdb | 1632.34 | GE3TI5_D88 (x(Ti) 0.625) + LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.87029) + BCC_A2 (x(Ti) 0.91229) |
| GeTi-23Zob.tdb | 1632.34 | GE3TI5_D88 (x(Ti) 0.625) + LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.87046) + BCC_A2 (x(Ti) 0.91239) |
| GeTi-23Zob.tdb | 1382.48 | LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.12591) + GE2TI_C54 (x(Ti) 0.33333) + GE5TI6 (x(Ti) 0.54545) |
| GeTi-23Zob.tdb | 1382.48 | LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.12606) + GE2TI_C54 (x(Ti) 0.33333) + GE5TI6 (x(Ti) 0.54545) |
| GeTi-23Zob.tdb | 1382.48 | LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.12585) + GE2TI_C54 (x(Ti) 0.33333) + GE5TI6 (x(Ti) 0.54545) |
| GeTi-23Zob.tdb | 1200.3 | DIAMOND_A4 (x(Ti) 0.00162) + LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.02605) + GE2TI_C54 (x(Ti) 0.33333) |
| GeTi-23Zob.tdb | 1200.3 | DIAMOND_A4 (x(Ti) 0.00161) + LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.02593) + GE2TI_C54 (x(Ti) 0.33333) |
| GeTi-23Zob.tdb | 1167.08 | GE3TI5_D88 (x(Ti) 0.625) + HCP_A3 (x(Ti) 0.9579) + BCC_A2 (x(Ti) 0.95881) |
| GeTi-23Zob.tdb | 1167.08 | GE3TI5_D88 (x(Ti) 0.625) + HCP_A3 (x(Ti) 0.95817) + BCC_A2 (x(Ti) 0.95909) |

Convex hulls: [Materials Project DFT hull](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/dft-mp/GE/GE-TI.json) · [OQMD DFT hull](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/dft-oqmd/GE/GE-TI.json) · [CALPHAD hull GeTi-11Liu](https://data.orchid-project.org/hulls/calphad-sgte/GE/GE-TI--GeTi-11Liu.json)

## Invariant reactions (literature)

Table: Invariant reactions reported in the literature for the Ge–Ti system (46)

| T (K) | Reaction / phases | Compositions (mole fraction) | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---:|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2253 | congruent melting: L -> Ti5Ge3 | L: Ge 0.375; Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375 | unspecified | [1] Liu 2011 | Table 5, p. 6, row 2; `ORC-UYR7VUBSEM` |  |
| 2253 | congruent melting: L -> Ti5Ge3 | L: Ge 0.375; Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011; _cites Rudometkina 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088%2889%2990197-5) | Table 5, p. 6, row 1; `ORC-ZLN5L3EMAQ` |  |
| 1939 | peritectic: L + Ti5Ge3 -> Ti6Ge5 | L: Ge 0.533; Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375; Ti6Ge5: Ge 0.454 | unspecified | [1] Liu 2011 | Table 5, p. 6, row 4; `ORC-5ELE2NTBDD` |  |
| 1939 | peritectic: L + Ge3Ti5 ↔ Ge5Ti6 | L: Ti 0.466; Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.625; Ge5Ti6: Ti 0.545 | unspecified | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Liu 2011_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2011.04.017) | Table 2, p. 3, row 6; `ORC-5KJC7AKIEV` |  |
| 1923 | peritectic: L + Ge3Ti5 ↔ Ge5Ti6 | L: Ti 0.471; Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.625; Ge5Ti6: Ti 0.546 | experimental | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Rudometkina 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088%2889%2990197-5) | Table 2, p. 3, row 5; `ORC-GIE5NCSNJT` |  |
| 1923 | peritectic: L + Ti5Ge3 -> Ti6Ge5 | L: Ge 0.529; Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375; Ti6Ge5: Ge 0.454 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011; _cites Rudometkina 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088%2889%2990197-5) | Table 5, p. 6, row 3; `ORC-VEWQT5QNZB` |  |
| 1923 | peritectic: L + Ge3Ti5 ↔ Ge5Ti6 | L: Ti 0.472; Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.605; Ge5Ti6: Ti 0.545 | experimental | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Bittner 2013_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.04.114) | Table 2, p. 3, row 7; `ORC-XXOEPASYJY` |  |
| 1922.9 | peritectic: L + Ge3Ti5 ↔ Ge5Ti6 | L: Ti 0.418; Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.61; Ge5Ti6: Ti 0.5455 | model | [2] Zobač 2023 | Table 2, p. 3, row 8; `ORC-HAY3POZTDP` |  |
| 1900 | peritectoid: Ge5Ti6 + Ge3Ti5 ↔ Ge4Ti5 | Ge5Ti6: Ti 0.545; Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.605; Ge4Ti5: Ti 0.56 | experimental | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Bittner 2013_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.04.114) | Table 2, p. 3, row 9; `ORC-YSPXTNVYMO` |  |
| 1878 | peritectoid: Ge5Ti6 + Ge3Ti5 ↔ Ge4Ti5 | Ge5Ti6: Ti 0.5455; Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.611; Ge4Ti5: Ti 0.5556 | model | [2] Zobač 2023 | Table 2, p. 3, row 10; `ORC-UNBA4IQLAD` |  |
| 1703 | eutectic: L -> Ti5Ge3 + (βTi) | L: Ge 0.118; Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375; (βTi): Ge 0.0833 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011; _cites Belousov 1976_ | Table 5, p. 6, row 6; `ORC-IRFYE736PV` |  |
| 1683 | eutectic: L -> Ti5Ge3 + (βTi) | Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375; (βTi): Ge 0.0932 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011; _cites McQuillan 1955_ | Table 5, p. 6, row 5; `ORC-EG677IRSNH` |  |
| 1633 | eutectic: L -> Ti5Ge3 + (βTi) | L: Ge 0.134; Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375; (βTi): Ge 0.0861 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011; _cites Petersen 2011_ | Table 5, p. 6, row 7; `ORC-22EQKAT476` |  |
| 1633 | eutectic: L -> Ti5Ge3 + (βTi) | L: Ge 0.149; Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011; _cites Yue 1970_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02819289) | Table 5, p. 6, row 8; `ORC-6ZS6AMZXZW` |  |
| 1630 | eutectic: L ↔ Ge3Ti5 + (α-Ti) | L: Ti 0.859; Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.637; (α-Ti): Ti 0.911 | experimental | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Bittner 2013_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.04.114) | Table 2, p. 3, row 13; `ORC-BNZCD5LRCH` |  |
| 1630 | eutectic: L ↔ Ge3Ti5 + (α-Ti) | L: Ti 0.859; Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.625; (α-Ti): Ti 0.914 | unspecified | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Liu 2011_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2011.04.017) | Table 2, p. 3, row 12; `ORC-IOLNPSS73P` |  |
| 1630 | eutectic: L -> Ti5Ge3 + (βTi) | L: Ge 0.141; Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375; (βTi): Ge 0.0882 | unspecified | [1] Liu 2011 | Table 5, p. 6, row 11; `ORC-PBE3ZHYGUX` |  |
| 1629.4 | eutectic: L ↔ Ge3Ti5 + (α-Ti) | L: Ti 0.87; Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.625; (α-Ti): Ti 0.913 | model | [2] Zobač 2023 | Table 2, p. 3, row 14; `ORC-ZDMCKEOQRV` |  |
| 1627 | eutectic: L -> Ti5Ge3 + (βTi) | Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375, Ti 0.625 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011 | Table 5, p. 6, row 10; `ORC-UJPXOJOPMH` |  |
| 1598 | eutectic: L ↔ Ge3Ti5 + (α-Ti) | L: Ti 0.851; Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.625; (α-Ti): Ti 0.904 | experimental | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Rudometkina 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088%2889%2990197-5) | Table 2, p. 3, row 11; `ORC-56CI556MO3` |  |
| 1598 | eutectic: L -> Ti5Ge3 + (βTi) | L: Ge 0.149; Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375; (βTi): Ge 0.0959 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011; _cites Rudometkina 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088%2889%2990197-5) | Table 5, p. 6, row 9; `ORC-6GXKA3EZSC` |  |
| 1392 | peritectic: L + Ti6Ge5 -> TiGe2 | L: Ge 0.751; Ti6Ge5: Ge 0.454; TiGe2: Ge 0.667 | unspecified | [1] Liu 2011 | Table 5, p. 6, row 14; `ORC-25L36ZJG3Q` |  |
| 1392 | peritectic: L + Ge5Ti6 ↔ Ge2Ti | L: Ti 0.248; Ge5Ti6: Ti 0.545; Ge2Ti: Ti 0.333 | unspecified | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Liu 2011_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2011.04.017) | Table 2, p. 3, row 16; `ORC-VS543Y2TGK` |  |
| 1388 | peritectic: L + Ti6Ge5 -> TiGe2 | Ti6Ge5: Ge 0.454545, Ti 0.545455; TiGe2: Ge 0.666667, Ti 0.333333 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011 | Table 5, p. 6, row 13; `ORC-S5KIJUO2OO` |  |
| 1383 | peritectic: L + Ge5Ti6 ↔ Ge2Ti | L: Ti 0.127; Ge5Ti6: Ti 0.5455; Ge2Ti: Ti 0.333 | experimental | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Bittner 2013_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.04.114) | Table 2, p. 3, row 17; `ORC-2NQNQUIK6I` |  |
| 1382.7 | peritectic: L + Ge5Ti6 ↔ Ge2Ti | L: Ti 0.15; Ge5Ti6: Ti 0.546; Ge2Ti: Ti 0.333 | model | [2] Zobač 2023 | Table 2, p. 3, row 18; `ORC-337EPU2X3W` |  |
| 1348 | peritectic: L + Ge5Ti6 ↔ Ge2Ti | L: Ti 0.178; Ge5Ti6: Ti 0.545; Ge2Ti: Ti 0.333 | experimental | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Rudometkina 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088%2889%2990197-5) | Table 2, p. 3, row 15; `ORC-6KCDWOSGLY` |  |
| 1348 | peritectic: L + Ti6Ge5 -> TiGe2 | L: Ge 0.822; Ti6Ge5: Ge 0.454; TiGe2: Ge 0.667 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011; _cites Rudometkina 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088%2889%2990197-5) | Table 5, p. 6, row 12; `ORC-AGCBDR7NL2` |  |
| 1203.5 | eutectic: L ↔ (Ge) + Ge2Ti | L: Ti 0.025; (Ge): Ti 0.001; Ge2Ti: Ti 0.333 | experimental | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Bittner 2013_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.04.114) | Table 2, p. 3, row 21; `ORC-X2Y2PTGZ2W` |  |
| 1202 | eutectic: L -> TiGe2 + (Ge) | TiGe2: Ge 0.666667, Ti 0.333333 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011 | Table 5, p. 6, row 16; `ORC-GP4JUQPIRV` |  |
| 1200.3 | eutectic: L ↔ (Ge) + Ge2Ti | L: Ti 0.026; (Ge): Ti 0.002; Ge2Ti: Ti 0.333 | model | [2] Zobač 2023 | Table 2, p. 3, row 22; `ORC-RU5U7RYE4K` |  |
| 1197 | eutectic: L -> TiGe2 + (Ge) | L: Ge 0.908; TiGe2: Ge 0.667; (Ge): Ge 0.978 | unspecified | [1] Liu 2011 | Table 5, p. 6, row 17; `ORC-4AL4ZD4XFC` |  |
| 1197 | eutectic: L ↔ (Ge) + Ge2Ti | L: Ti 0.09; (Ge): Ti 0.021; Ge2Ti: Ti 0.333 | unspecified | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Liu 2011_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2011.04.017) | Table 2, p. 3, row 20; `ORC-PCEY4B2DHI` |  |
| 1197 | eutectic: L ? (Ge) ? Ge2Ti |  | model | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Liu 2011_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2011.04.017) | p. 8; `ORC-ZUWEKJ67KK` | “The eutectic point for the L ? (Ge) ? Ge2Ti invariant reaction was assessed at 1197 K and 9.2 at.% Ti in.\[1\]” |
| 1178 | peritectoid: (βTi) + Ti5Ge3 -> (αTi) | (βTi): Ge 0.0267; Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011; _cites Petersen 2011_ | Table 5, p. 6, row 20; `ORC-C333FNVVDD` |  |
| 1173 | eutectic: L -> TiGe2 + (Ge) | L: Ge 0.893; TiGe2: Ge 0.667; (Ge): Ge 0.962 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011; _cites Rudometkina 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088%2889%2990197-5) | Table 5, p. 6, row 15; `ORC-HJCIODW6DM` |  |
| 1173 | eutectic: L ↔ (Ge) + Ge2Ti | L: Ti 0.107; (Ge): Ti 0.038; Ge2Ti: Ti 0.333 | experimental | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Rudometkina 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088%2889%2990197-5) | Table 2, p. 3, row 19; `ORC-W72GSDW4ES` |  |
| 1170 | peritectoid: (βTi) + Ti5Ge3 -> (αTi) | (βTi): Ge 0.0359; Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375; (αTi): Ge 0.0406 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011; _cites McQuillan 1955_ | Table 5, p. 6, row 18; `ORC-2Y24UAOIP6` |  |
| 1167.1 | peritectoid: Ge3Ti5 + (α-Ti) ↔ (β-Ti) | Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.625; (α-Ti): Ti 0.959; (β-Ti): Ti 0.958 | model | [2] Zobač 2023 | Table 2, p. 3, row 26; `ORC-5HV7HDA55Z` |  |
| 1167 | peritectoid: Ge3Ti5 + (α-Ti) ↔ (β-Ti) | Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.633; (α-Ti): Ti 0.961; (β-Ti): Ti 0.961 | experimental | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Bittner 2013_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.04.114) | Table 2, p. 3, row 25; `ORC-A6OGW67J3J` |  |
| 1167 | peritectoid: Ge3Ti5 + (α-Ti) ↔ (β-Ti) | Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.625; (α-Ti): Ti 0.958; (β-Ti): Ti 0.96 | unspecified | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Liu 2011_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2011.04.017) | Table 2, p. 3, row 24; `ORC-DC7ZDFIGA6` |  |
| 1167 | peritectoid: (βTi) + Ti5Ge3 -> (αTi) | (βTi): Ge 0.0399; Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375; (αTi): Ge 0.0412 | unspecified | [1] Liu 2011 | Table 5, p. 6, row 23; `ORC-RDQ4W3I6JP` |  |
| 1166 | peritectoid: (βTi) + Ti5Ge3 -> (αTi) | Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375, Ti 0.625 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011 | Table 5, p. 6, row 22; `ORC-I6IZCDL37O` |  |
| 1133 | peritectoid: (βTi) + Ti5Ge3 -> (αTi) | (βTi): Ge 0.0174; Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375; (αTi): Ge 0.0221 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011; _cites Belousov 1976_ | Table 5, p. 6, row 19; `ORC-H7PYXKGY4X` |  |
| 1133 | peritectoid: Ge3Ti5 + (α-Ti) ↔ (β-Ti) | Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.625; (α-Ti): Ti 0.964; (β-Ti): Ti 0.956 | experimental | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Rudometkina 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088%2889%2990197-5) | Table 2, p. 3, row 23; `ORC-LLIDQYIQV7` |  |
| 1133 | peritectoid: (βTi) + Ti5Ge3 -> (αTi) | (βTi): Ge 0.0356; Ti5Ge3: Ge 0.375; (αTi): Ge 0.0438 | experimental | [1] Liu 2011; _cites Rudometkina 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088%2889%2990197-5) | Table 5, p. 6, row 21; `ORC-XISE2AFV5T` |  |

## Formation enthalpies

Literature values in kJ/mol-atom where the per-atom basis is known. DFT columns: the lowest-energy entry at the same composition (Materials Project 2026.04.13, OQMD v1.8; different energy references, never averaged), from [dft_parity.json](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/dft_parity.json).

Table: Enthalpies of formation, Ge–Ti system (2)

| Phase | Compound | Value | T (K) | Class | MP DFT (kJ/mol-atom) | OQMD DFT (kJ/mol-atom) | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---|---:|---:|---|---:|---:|---|---|---|
| Ti5Ge3 | [Ge3Ti5](https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/Ge3Ti5.html) | -70.8 kJ/mol-atom ± 2.5 | 298.15 | experimental | -67.135 (mp-aaabgilz) | -70.401 (oqmd-30500) | [1] Liu 2011; _cites Kleppa 1990_ | p. 3; `ORC-7OTIFBYDHR.31337a` | “The measured enthalpy of formation of Ti5 Ge3 at 298 K is -69,700 ± 2500 J/(mol atoms), which is in a good agreement with the result of Kleppa and Jung \[10\], -70,800 ± 2500 J/(mol atoms).” |
| Ti5Ge3 | [Ge3Ti5](https://data.orchid-project.org/compounds/Ge3Ti5.html) | -69.7 kJ/mol-atom ± 2.5 | 298.15 | experimental | -67.135 (mp-aaabgilz) | -70.401 (oqmd-30500) | [1] Liu 2011 | p. 3; `ORC-7OTIFBYDHR.754a83` | “The measured enthalpy of formation of Ti5 Ge3 at 298 K is -69,700 ± 2500 J/(mol atoms), which is in a good agreement with the result of Kleppa and Jung \[10\], -70,800 ± 2500 J/(mol atoms).” |

## Other properties

### Phase transition (6)

Table: Phase transition, Ge–Ti system

| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase transition | 1203.5 K | 1203.5 | L + (Ge) + Ge2Ti | experimental | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Bittner 2013_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.04.114) | p. 8; `ORC-HR5D26BJ6U` | “The new experimental data of Bittner et al.\[2\] define the parameters of this reaction to be 1203.5 K and 2.5 at.% Ti.” |
| Phase transition | 2253 K | 2253 | congruent melting: L ↔ Ge3Ti5; _L: Ti 0.625; Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.625_ | experimental | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Bittner 2013_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.04.114) | Table 2, p. 3, row 3; `ORC-CKM6XJDMZU` |  |
| Phase transition | 2253 K | 2253 | congruent melting: L ↔ Ge3Ti5; _L: Ti 0.625; Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.625_ | unspecified | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Liu 2011_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2011.04.017) | Table 2, p. 3, row 2; `ORC-OVS3VBREEI` |  |
| Phase transition | 2253 K | 2253 | congruent melting: L ↔ Ge3Ti5; _L: Ti 0.625; Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.625_ | experimental | [2] Zobač 2023; _cites Rudometkina 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088%2889%2990197-5) | Table 2, p. 3, row 1; `ORC-WBIISEKRGS` |  |
| Phase transition | 2253 K | 2253 | congruent transformation | model | [2] Zobač 2023 | p. 2; `ORC-SEUL5PU3K3` | “The Ge3Ti5 phase which melts congruently at 2253 K was formerly described as a stoichiometric phase\[1\] but Bittner et al.\[2\] found that the Ge3Ti5 phase shows solubility region between 37 and 40% Ge.” |
| Phase transition | 2254 K | 2254 | congruent melting: L ↔ Ge3Ti5; _L: Ti 0.625; Ge3Ti5: Ti 0.625_ | model | [2] Zobač 2023 | Table 2, p. 3, row 4; `ORC-NCG5OFIBQG` |  |

## Sources

Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).

1. Dandan Liu, Huanli Yan, Xiaoming Yuan, Yoonsung Chung, Yong Du, Honghui Xu et al., Thermodynamic modeling of the Ge–Ti system supported by key experiment, Thermochimica Acta 521, 148-154 (2011). [doi:10.1016/j.tca.2011.04.017](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2011.04.017)
2. Ondřej Zobač, Aleš Kroupa, CALPHAD-Based Thermodynamic Description of the Binary Phase Diagram Ge-Ti, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. (2023). [doi:10.1007/s11669-023-01028-0](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-023-01028-0)

## Please cite

- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735859
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD) (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735891
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0).

Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

```bibtex
@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_phase_diagrams_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735859},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735859}
}

@misc{orchid_hulls_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD)}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735891},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735891}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}
```

---

Derived data CC BY 4.0 ([licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)): cite ORCHID ([CITATION.cff](https://data.orchid-project.org/CITATION.cff)) and the original sources. Quotes are short excerpts kept so that each value can be checked; they remain under the publishers' copyright and are not relicensed. Source papers, page images and full text are not redistributed. Field reference: [SCHEMA.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/SCHEMA.md). Machine-readable guide: [llms.txt](https://data.orchid-project.org/llms.txt). Found an error? The report link of a value (Markdown: its id, ORC-..., in the Location column) opens a pre-filled GitHub issue, https://github.com/orchid-calphad/orchid-data/issues/new?template=report-value-error.yml&record_id=\<id>, carrying only the record id, source and value; [how to contribute](https://orchid-project.org/contribute/).