Ge–Tm system

55 accepted literature values from 1 paper(s) (experimental 15, model 40); 1 calculated phase diagram(s). 5 further extracted value(s) not accepted by the reader-agreement checks are only in the JSON/CSV.

Data: JSON · CSV · interactive explorer · interactive phase diagram · phases (14) · papers (bibliography) · Markdown

Accepted values by evidence class
Evidence class	Values
experimental	15
model	40

Accepted values by property group
Property group	Values
invariant reaction	26
phase transition	1
formation	28

Calculated phase diagrams

Binary phase diagrams calculated with pycalphad 0.11.2 from the SGTE binary collection (Hallstedt 2025, CC BY 4.0). Evidence class: model.

Assessments with a calculated phase diagram
TDB file	Assessment	SHA-256	Links
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	K. Achgar, S. Kardellass, H. Azza, N. Selhaoui, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 131, 2699-2707(2018). doi:10.1007/s10973-017-6820-4	`cf2c9efc4eebb4d796879131ccbab1dbcdf490970ce028522a00fca03f38876b`	viewer · TDB · JSON

Calculated three-phase invariants (model, mole fraction of the second component)
TDB file	T (K)	Phases at the invariant
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	2048.93	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.52029) + GE4TM5 (x(Tm) 0.55556) + GE3TM5_D88 (x(Tm) 0.625)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	2048.93	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.5202) + GE4TM5 (x(Tm) 0.55556) + GE3TM5_D88 (x(Tm) 0.625)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	2048.93	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.52038) + GE4TM5 (x(Tm) 0.55556) + GE3TM5_D88 (x(Tm) 0.625)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1987.05	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.48586) + GE10TM11 (x(Tm) 0.52381) + GE4TM5 (x(Tm) 0.55556)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1987.05	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.48577) + GE10TM11 (x(Tm) 0.52381) + GE4TM5 (x(Tm) 0.55556)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1987.04	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.48581) + GE10TM11 (x(Tm) 0.52381) + GE4TM5 (x(Tm) 0.55556)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1653.75	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.37595) + GETM_B33 (x(Tm) 0.5) + GE10TM11 (x(Tm) 0.52381)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1653.75	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.37599) + GETM_B33 (x(Tm) 0.5) + GE10TM11 (x(Tm) 0.52381)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1653.75	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.37594) + GETM_B33 (x(Tm) 0.5) + GE10TM11 (x(Tm) 0.52381)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1633.05	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.37036) + GE5TM4 (x(Tm) 0.44444) + GETM_B33 (x(Tm) 0.5)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1633.05	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.37032) + GE5TM4 (x(Tm) 0.44444) + GETM_B33 (x(Tm) 0.5)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1633.05	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.37038) + GE5TM4 (x(Tm) 0.44444) + GETM_B33 (x(Tm) 0.5)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1617.93	GE3TM5_D88 (x(Tm) 0.625) + LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.87277) + HCP_A3 (x(Tm) 1)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1617.93	GE3TM5_D88 (x(Tm) 0.625) + LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.87282) + HCP_A3 (x(Tm) 1)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1549.48	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.33291) + GE3TM2_C32 (x(Tm) 0.4) + GE5TM4 (x(Tm) 0.44444)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1549.48	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.33289) + GE3TM2_C32 (x(Tm) 0.4) + GE5TM4 (x(Tm) 0.44444)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1312.81	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.23405) + GE2TM_HT (x(Tm) 0.35639) + GE3TM2_C32 (x(Tm) 0.4)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1289.02	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.22327) + GE2TM_LT (x(Tm) 0.35491) + GE2TM_HT (x(Tm) 0.35606)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1230.28	GE2TM_LT (x(Tm) 0.35591) + GE2TM_HT (x(Tm) 0.35657) + GE3TM2_C32 (x(Tm) 0.4)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1151.58	LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.16217) + GE20TM9_C49 (x(Tm) 0.31034) + GE2TM_LT (x(Tm) 0.34534)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1139.38	DIAMOND_A4 (x(Tm) 0) + LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.15466) + GE20TM9_C49 (x(Tm) 0.31034)
GeTm-18Ach.tdb	1139.38	DIAMOND_A4 (x(Tm) 0) + LIQUID (x(Tm) 0.15461) + GE20TM9_C49 (x(Tm) 0.31034)

Convex hulls: Materials Project DFT hull · OQMD DFT hull

Invariant reactions (literature)

Invariant reactions reported in the literature for the Ge–Tm system (26)
T (K)	Reaction / phases	Compositions (mole fraction)	Class	Source	Location
2233.15	congruent melting: L ↔ Tm5Ge3	L: Ge 0.375; Tm5Ge3: Ge 0.375, Tm 0.625	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 4, p. 7, row 6 report
2233.15	congruent melting: L ↔ Tm5Ge3	L: Ge 0.375; Tm5Ge3: Ge 0.375, Tm 0.625	experimental	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Idbenali 2013 doi	Table 4, p. 7, row 5 report
2050.15	peritectic: Tm5Ge3 ↔ L + Tm5Ge4	Tm5Ge3: Ge 0.375, Tm 0.625; L: Ge 0.479; Tm5Ge4: Ge 0.444444, Tm 0.555556	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 4, p. 7, row 8 report
2049.15	peritectic: Tm5Ge3 ↔ L + Tm5Ge4	Tm5Ge3: Ge 0.375, Tm 0.625; L: Ge 0.5; Tm5Ge4: Ge 0.444444, Tm 0.555556	experimental	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Idbenali 2013 doi	Table 4, p. 7, row 7 report
1995.15	peritectic: Tm5Ge4 ↔ L + Tm11Ge10	Tm5Ge4: Ge 0.444444, Tm 0.555556; L: Ge 0.511; Tm11Ge10: Ge 0.47619, Tm 0.52381	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 4, p. 7, row 10 report
1993.15	peritectic: Tm5Ge4 ↔ L + Tm11Ge10	Tm5Ge4: Ge 0.444444, Tm 0.555556; L: Ge 0.52; Tm11Ge10: Ge 0.47619, Tm 0.52381	experimental	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Idbenali 2013 doi	Table 4, p. 7, row 9 report
1823.15	congruent melting: L ↔ Tm	L: Ge 0	experimental	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Idbenali 2013 doi	Table 4, p. 7, row 1 report
1823.15	congruent melting: L ↔ Tm	L: Ge 0	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 4, p. 7, row 2 report
1647.15	peritectic: Tm11Ge10 + L ↔ Tm4Ge5	Tm11Ge10: Ge 0.47619, Tm 0.52381; L: Ge 0.6; Tm4Ge5: Ge 0.555556, Tm 0.444444	experimental	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Idbenali 2013 doi	Table 4, p. 7, row 11 report
1636.15	peritectic: Tm11Ge10 + L ↔ Tm4Ge5	Tm11Ge10: Ge 0.47619, Tm 0.52381; L: Ge 0.629; Tm4Ge5: Ge 0.555556, Tm 0.444444	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 4, p. 7, row 12 report
1618.15	eutectic: L ↔ Tm + Tm5Ge3	L: Ge 0.127; Tm5Ge3: Ge 0.375, Tm 0.625	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 4, p. 7, row 4 report
1615.15	eutectic: L ↔ Tm + Tm5Ge3	L: Ge 0.135; Tm5Ge3: Ge 0.375, Tm 0.625	experimental	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Idbenali 2013 doi	Table 4, p. 7, row 3 report
1606.15	peritectoid: TmGe ↔ Tm11Ge10 + Tm4Ge5	TmGe: Ge 0.5, Tm 0.5; Tm11Ge10: Ge 0.47619, Tm 0.52381; Tm4Ge5: Ge 0.555556, Tm 0.444444	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 4, p. 7, row 14 report
1606.15	peritectoid: TmGe ↔ Tm11Ge10 + Tm4Ge5	TmGe: Ge 0.5, Tm 0.5; Tm11Ge10: Ge 0.47619, Tm 0.52381; Tm4Ge5: Ge 0.555556, Tm 0.444444	experimental	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Idbenali 2013 doi	Table 4, p. 7, row 13 report
1547.15	peritectic: Tm4Ge5 + L ↔ TmGe1.5	Tm4Ge5: Ge 0.555556, Tm 0.444444; L: Ge 0.668; TmGe1.5: Ge 0.6, Tm 0.4	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 4, p. 7, row 16 report
1545.15	peritectic: Tm4Ge5 + L ↔ TmGe1.5	Tm4Ge5: Ge 0.555556, Tm 0.444444; L: Ge 0.67; TmGe1.5: Ge 0.6, Tm 0.4	experimental	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Idbenali 2013 doi	Table 4, p. 7, row 15 report
1318.15	peritectic: TmGe1.5 + L ↔ TmGe1.8_HT	TmGe1.5: Ge 0.6, Tm 0.4; L: Ge 0.764; TmGe1.8_HT: Ge 0.666667, Tm 0.333333	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 4, p. 7, row 22 report
1313.15	peritectic: TmGe1.5 + L ↔ TmGe1.8_HT	TmGe1.5: Ge 0.6, Tm 0.4; L: Ge 0.75; TmGe1.8_HT: Ge 0.666667, Tm 0.333333	experimental	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Idbenali 2013 doi	Table 4, p. 7, row 21 report
1295.15	metatectic/catatectic: TmGe1.8_HT ↔ TmGe1.8_LT + L	TmGe1.8_HT: Ge 0.666667, Tm 0.333333; TmGe1.8_LT: Ge 0.666667, Tm 0.333333; L: Ge 0.643	experimental	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Idbenali 2013 doi	Table 4, p. 7, row 19 report
1290.15	metatectic/catatectic: TmGe1.8_HT ↔ TmGe1.8_LT + L	TmGe1.8_HT: Ge 0.666667, Tm 0.333333; TmGe1.8_LT: Ge 0.666667, Tm 0.333333; L: Ge 0.643	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 4, p. 7, row 20 report
1225.15	peritectoid: TmGe1.8_HT ↔ TmGe1.8_LT + TmGe1.5	TmGe1.8_HT: Ge 0.666667, Tm 0.333333; TmGe1.8_LT: Ge 0.666667, Tm 0.333333; TmGe1.5: Ge 0.6, Tm 0.4	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 4, p. 7, row 18 report
1223.15	peritectoid: TmGe1.8_HT ↔ TmGe1.8_LT + TmGe1.5	TmGe1.8_HT: Ge 0.666667, Tm 0.333333; TmGe1.8_LT: Ge 0.666667, Tm 0.333333; TmGe1.5: Ge 0.6, Tm 0.4	experimental	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Idbenali 2013 doi	Table 4, p. 7, row 17 report
1158.15	peritectic: Tm5Ge9_LT + L ↔ Tm0.9Ge2	Tm5Ge9_LT: Ge 0.666667, Tm 0.333333; L: Ge 0.835; Tm0.9Ge2: Ge 0.689655, Tm 0.310345	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 4, p. 7, row 24 report
1158.15	peritectic: Tm5Ge9_LT + L ↔ Tm0.9Ge2	Tm5Ge9_LT: Ge 0.666667, Tm 0.333333; L: Ge 0.83; Tm0.9Ge2: Ge 0.689655, Tm 0.310345	experimental	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Idbenali 2013 doi	Table 4, p. 7, row 23 report
1143.15	eutectic: L ↔ Tm0.9Ge2 + Ge	L: Ge 0.85; Tm0.9Ge2: Ge 0.689655, Tm 0.310345	experimental	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Idbenali 2013 doi	Table 4, p. 7, row 25 report
1140.15	eutectic: L ↔ Tm0.9Ge2 + Ge	L: Ge 0.846; Tm0.9Ge2: Ge 0.689655, Tm 0.310345	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 4, p. 7, row 26 report

Formation enthalpies

Literature values in kJ/mol-atom where the per-atom basis is known. DFT columns: the lowest-energy entry at the same composition (Materials Project 2026.04.13, OQMD v1.8; different energy references, never averaged), from dft_parity.json.

Enthalpies of formation, Ge–Tm system (19)
Phase	Compound	Value	T (K)	Class	MP DFT (kJ/mol-atom)	OQMD DFT (kJ/mol-atom)	Source	Location
Tm0.9Ge2		-69.24 kJ/mol-atom		model			[1] Achgar 2018 cites Debski 2014 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 19 report
Tm0.9Ge2		-61.46 kJ/mol-atom		model			[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 18 report
Tm11Ge10	Ge10Tm11	-86.37 kJ/mol-atom		model	-80.414 (mp-aaacqmkk)	-79.972 (oqmd-2052675)	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Debski 2014 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 7 report
Tm11Ge10	Ge10Tm11	-83.7 kJ/mol-atom		model	-80.414 (mp-aaacqmkk)	-79.972 (oqmd-2052675)	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 6 report
Tm4Ge5		-87.44 kJ/mol-atom		model			[1] Achgar 2018 cites Debski 2014 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 11 report
Tm4Ge5		-83.84 kJ/mol-atom		model			[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 10 report
Tm5Ge3	Ge3Tm5	-91.3 kJ/mol-atom ± 1.9	298.15	experimental	-77.37 (mp-aaacppwg)	-77.333 (oqmd-30501)	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Meschel 1999 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 2 report
Tm5Ge3	Ge3Tm5	-84.32 kJ/mol-atom		model	-77.37 (mp-aaacppwg)	-77.333 (oqmd-30501)	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 1 report
Tm5Ge3	Ge3Tm5	-74.42 kJ/mol-atom		model	-77.37 (mp-aaacppwg)	-77.333 (oqmd-30501)	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Debski 2014 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 3 report
Tm5Ge4	Ge4Tm5	-83.94 kJ/mol-atom		model	-81.101 (mp-aaacqbxn)	-81.399 (oqmd-2048117)	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 4 report
Tm5Ge4	Ge4Tm5	-83.71 kJ/mol-atom		model	-81.101 (mp-aaacqbxn)	-81.399 (oqmd-2048117)	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Debski 2014 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 5 report
TmGe	GeTm	-87.57 kJ/mol-atom		model	-80.939 (mp-aaacevrr)	-80.988 (oqmd-30502)	[1] Achgar 2018 cites Debski 2014 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 9 report
TmGe	GeTm	-83.8 kJ/mol-atom		model	-80.939 (mp-aaacevrr)	-80.988 (oqmd-30502)	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 8 report
TmGe1.5	Ge3Tm2	-84.18 kJ/mol-atom		model	-42.891 (mp-aaacrfqv)		[1] Achgar 2018 cites Debski 2014 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 13 report
TmGe1.5	Ge3Tm2	-77.3 kJ/mol-atom		model	-42.891 (mp-aaacrfqv)		[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 12 report
TmGe1.8_HT		-87.37 kJ/mol-atom		model			[1] Achgar 2018 cites Debski 2014 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 15 report
TmGe1.8_HT		-69.48 kJ/mol-atom		model			[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 14 report
TmGe1.8_LT		-87.37 kJ/mol-atom		model			[1] Achgar 2018 cites Debski 2014 doi	Table 2, p. 5, row 17 report
TmGe1.8_LT		-69.6 kJ/mol-atom		model			[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 16 report

Other properties

Phase transition (1)

Phase transition, Ge–Tm system
Property	Value	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location	Quote
Phase transition	2233.15 K	2233.15	congruent transformation	experimental	[1] Achgar 2018	p. 2 report	The most thulium-rich germanide Tm5Ge3 melts congruently at 1960 C.

Formation (9)

Formation, Ge–Tm system
Property	Value	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location
Entropy of formation	-2.36 J/mol-atom/K	Tm0.9Ge2 alloy: Tm 0.310345	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 18 report
Entropy of formation	-0.42 J/mol-atom/K	Tm11Ge10 alloy: Tm 0.52381	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 6 report
Entropy of formation	-4.04 J/mol-atom/K	Tm4Ge5 alloy: Tm 0.444444	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 10 report
Entropy of formation	-2.14 J/mol-atom/K	Tm5Ge3 alloy: Tm 0.625	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 1 report
Entropy of formation	-0.72 J/mol-atom/K	Tm5Ge4 alloy: Tm 0.555556	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 4 report
Entropy of formation	-1.5 J/mol-atom/K	TmGe alloy: Tm 0.5	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 8 report
Entropy of formation	-2.67 J/mol-atom/K	TmGe1.5 alloy: Tm 0.4	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 12 report
Entropy of formation	-1.83 J/mol-atom/K	TmGe1.8_HT alloy: Tm 0.357143	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 14 report
Entropy of formation	-1.93 J/mol-atom/K	TmGe1.8_LT alloy: Tm 0.357143	model	[1] Achgar 2018	Table 2, p. 5, row 16 report

Sources

Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).

Khadija Achgar, Saïd Kardellass, Hassan Azza, Najim Selhaoui, Thermodynamic modeling of the thulium–germanium binary system, J Therm Anal Calorim 131, 2699-2707 (2018). doi:10.1007/s10973-017-6820-4

Please cite

R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735569
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735859
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD) (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735891
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0). Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_phase_diagrams_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735859},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735859}
}

@misc{orchid_hulls_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD)}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735891},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735891}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}