Ge system

27 accepted literature values from 8 paper(s) (experimental 12, model 5, DFT 6, unspecified 4); 0 calculated phase diagram(s).

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Accepted values by evidence class
Evidence class	Values
experimental	12
model	5
DFT	6
unspecified	4

Accepted values by property group
Property group	Values
invariant reaction	4
phase transition	3
activity / EMF / Gibbs energy	1
crystal structure	19

Invariant reactions (literature)

Invariant reactions reported in the literature for the Ge system (4)
T (K)	Reaction / phases	Compositions (mole fraction)	Class	Source	Location
1210.15	congruent melting: L -> (Ge)	L: Ge 1; (Ge): Ge 1	model	[1] Wang 2008	Table 4, p. 4, row 18 report
1210.15	congruent melting: L -> (Ge)	L: Ge 1; (Ge): Ge 1	experimental	[1] Wang 2008 cites Smith 1989	Table 4, p. 4, row 17 report
1209.15	congruent melting: L ↔ Ge	L: Ge 1	model	[2] Achgar 2018	Table 4, p. 7, row 28 report
1209.15	congruent melting: L ↔ Ge	L: Ge 1	experimental	[2] Achgar 2018 cites Idbenali 2013 doi	Table 4, p. 7, row 27 report

Other properties

Phase transition (3)

Phase transition, Ge system
Property	Value	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location
Phase transition	1484.45 K	1484.45	congruent melting: L -> Ge L: Ge 1; Ge: Ge 1	model	[3] Achgar 2017	Table 2, p. 5, row 44 report
Phase transition	1484.45 K	1484.45	congruent melting: L -> Ge L: Ge 1; Ge: Ge 1	experimental	[3] Achgar 2017 cites Eremenko 1981	Table 2, p. 5, row 43 report
Phase transition	1484.45 K	1484.45	congruent melting: L -> Ge L: Ge 1; Ge: Ge 1	model	[3] Achgar 2017	Table 2, p. 5, row 45 report

Activity / EMF / Gibbs energy (1)

Activity / EMF / Gibbs energy, Ge system
Property	Value	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location	Quote
Gibbs energy printed: G^ex	0 kJ/mol	1723	liquid alloy: Ge 1	experimental	[4] Bergman 1992	Table 3, p. 3, row 1 report

Crystal structure (19)

Crystal structure, Ge system
Property	Value	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location
Lattice a	4.9908 Å	0	(Ba) (Ba): Ge 1	DFT	[5] Benhafid 2019	Table 2, p. 3, row 2 report
Lattice a	5.69 Å	0	(Ge) (Ge): Ge 1	DFT	[5] Benhafid 2019	Table 2, p. 3, row 26 report
Lattice a	5.013 Å	298.15	(Ba) (Ba): Ge 1	experimental	[5] Benhafid 2019 cites Hirst 1956 doi	Table 2, p. 3, row 1 report
Lattice a	5.656 Å	298.15	(Ge) (Ge): Ge 1	experimental	[5] Benhafid 2019 cites Straumanis 1952 doi	Table 2, p. 3, row 25 report
Lattice a	5.657 Å	298.15	(Ge) alloy: Ge 1	experimental	[6] Chen 2022 cites King 1981	Table I, p. 2, row 4 report
Lattice a	5.62 Å	298.15	(Ge) (Ge): Ge 1	experimental	[7] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 19 report
Lattice a	5.657 Å	298.15	(Ge) (Ge): Ge 1	model	[7] Cheng 2012 cites King 1981 doi	Table 3, p. 3, row 18 report
Lattice a	4.884 Å	298.15	Ge	unspecified	[8] Olesinski 1984	Table 1, p. 3, row 3 report
Lattice a	5.6575 Å	298.15	UNKNOWN alloy: Ge 1	unspecified	[8] Olesinski 1984	Table 2, p. 3, row 1 report
Lattice b	4.9908 Å	0	(Ba) (Ba): Ge 1	DFT	[5] Benhafid 2019	Table 2, p. 3, row 2 report
Lattice b	5.69 Å	0	(Ge) (Ge): Ge 1	DFT	[5] Benhafid 2019	Table 2, p. 3, row 26 report
Lattice b	5.013 Å	298.15	(Ba) (Ba): Ge 1	experimental	[5] Benhafid 2019 cites Hirst 1956 doi	Table 2, p. 3, row 1 report
Lattice b	5.656 Å	298.15	(Ge) (Ge): Ge 1	experimental	[5] Benhafid 2019 cites Straumanis 1952 doi	Table 2, p. 3, row 25 report
Lattice c	4.9908 Å	0	(Ba) (Ba): Ge 1	DFT	[5] Benhafid 2019	Table 2, p. 3, row 2 report
Lattice c	5.69 Å	0	(Ge) (Ge): Ge 1	DFT	[5] Benhafid 2019	Table 2, p. 3, row 26 report
Lattice c	5.013 Å	298.15	(Ba) (Ba): Ge 1	experimental	[5] Benhafid 2019 cites Hirst 1956 doi	Table 2, p. 3, row 1 report
Lattice c	5.656 Å	298.15	(Ge) (Ge): Ge 1	experimental	[5] Benhafid 2019 cites Straumanis 1952 doi	Table 2, p. 3, row 25 report
Lattice c	2.692 Å	298.15	Ge	unspecified	[8] Olesinski 1984	Table 1, p. 3, row 3 report
lattice unspecified axis	5.6575 Å	298.15	UNKNOWN alloy: Ge 1	unspecified	[8] Olesinski 1984	Table 2, p. 3, row 1 report

Sources

Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).

C.P. Wang, A.Q. Zheng, X.J. Liu, Thermodynamic assessments of the V–Ge and V–Pt systems, Intermetallics 16, 544-549 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.intermet.2008.01.002
Khadija Achgar, Saïd Kardellass, Hassan Azza, Najim Selhaoui, Thermodynamic modeling of the thulium–germanium binary system, J Therm Anal Calorim 131, 2699-2707 (2018). doi:10.1007/s10973-017-6820-4
Khadija Achgar, Saïd Kardellass, Najim Selhaoui, Lahcen Bouirden, Thermodynamic optimization of the Erbium-Germanium binary system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 724, 1157-1166 (2017). doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.07.129
C. Bergman, R. Chastel, R. Castanet, Thermodynamic investigation on the si-ge binary system by calorimetry and knudsen cell mass spectrometry, JPE 13, 113-118 (1992). doi:10.1007/bf02667471
R. Benhafid, A. Belgacem Bouzida, Y. Djaballah, A. Candan, A. İyigör, G. Uğur, Thermodynamic Modeling of the Al-Ba and Ba-Ge Systems Supported by First-Principles Calculations, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 40, 195-205 (2019). doi:10.1007/s11669-019-00714-2
Shanxiong Chen, Jiong Wang, Shangzhao Yu, Biao Hu, Qing Wu, Yong Du, Thermodynamic Modeling of the Ge-X (X = As, Se, S, P) Systems, J. Electron. Mater. 51, 2114-2130 (2022). doi:10.1007/s11664-022-09474-1
Kaiming Cheng, Biao Hu, Yong Du, Honghui Xu, Qiannan Gao, Thermodynamic modeling of the Ge–Sc system supported by key experiments and first-principles calculation, Calphad 37, 18-24 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2011.12.010
R. W. Olesinski, G. J. Abbaschian, The Ge−Si (Germanium-Silicon) system, Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams 5, 180-183 (1984). doi:10.1007/bf02868957

Please cite

R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735569
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0). Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}