# Sn system

> Sn system: 89 accepted literature values (crystal structure 51, phase transition 16, heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy 8, invariant reaction 5) and 0 calculated phase diagram(s) from ORCHID, each value with evidence class, source, page and quote.

HTML: https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/SN.html · Markdown: https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/SN.md

89 accepted literature values from 19 paper(s) (experimental 29, model 25, DFT 18, unspecified 17); 0 calculated phase diagram(s). 1 further extracted value(s) not accepted by the reader-agreement checks are only in the JSON/CSV.

Data: [JSON](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/systems/SN.json) · [CSV](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/SN.csv) · [interactive explorer](https://orchid-project.org/data-explorer/#SN) · [papers (bibliography)](https://data.orchid-project.org/bibliography/pages/systems/SN.html) · [Markdown](https://data.orchid-project.org/systems/SN.md)

Table: Accepted values by evidence class

| Evidence class | Values |
|---|---:|
| experimental | 29 |
| model | 25 |
| DFT | 18 |
| unspecified | 17 |

Table: Accepted values by property group

| Property group | Values |
|---|---:|
| invariant reaction | 5 |
| phase transition | 16 |
| formation | 1 |
| mixing / partial | 4 |
| heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy | 8 |
| activity / EMF / Gibbs energy | 2 |
| crystal structure | 51 |
| other property | 2 |

## Invariant reactions (literature)

Table: Invariant reactions reported in the literature for the Sn system (5)

| T (K) | Reaction / phases | Compositions (mole fraction) | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---:|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 286.15 | polymorphic: βSn -> αSn | βSn: ; αSn:  | model | [1] Sheldon 1987 | Table 1, p. 2, row 2; `ORC-3GWYPWJ4LI` |  |
| 286.15 | polymorphic: βSn ↔ αSn |  | unspecified | [2] Grolier 2008; _cites Dinsdale 1991_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2891%2990030-n) | Table 3, p. 5, row 17; `ORC-6PVQNGTKP2` |  |
| 286.15 | (β\_Sn) = (α\_Sn) | (β\_Sn): Sn 1; (α\_Sn): Sn 1 | model | [3] Cui 2020; _cites Dinsdale 1991_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2891%2990030-n) | Table 4, p. 8, row 17; `ORC-EZCJZWGWZV` |  |
| 286 | congruent transformation: β Sn = α Sn |  | unspecified | [4] Subasic 1998; _cites ref. 83Abr_ | Table 1, p. 3, row 20; `ORC-AAC24QU5KP` |  |
| 286 | congruent transformation: β Sn = α Sn | α Sn: Sn 1 | model | [4] Subasic 1998 | Table 1, p. 3, row 19; `ORC-W2Z6U2VTZR` |  |

## Formation enthalpies

Literature values in kJ/mol-atom where the per-atom basis is known. DFT columns: the lowest-energy entry at the same composition (Materials Project 2026.04.13, OQMD v1.8; different energy references, never averaged), from [dft_parity.json](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/dft_parity.json).

Table: Enthalpies of formation, Sn system (1)

| Phase | Compound | Value | T (K) | Class | MP DFT (kJ/mol-atom) | OQMD DFT (kJ/mol-atom) | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---|---:|---:|---|---:|---:|---|---|---|
| A5-Sn |  | 0 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 0 | DFT |  |  | [5] Berche 2016 | Table 2, p. 4, row 3; `ORC-RV5QQMF4VT.26d8d8` |  |

## Other properties

### Phase transition (16)

Table: Phase transition, Sn system

| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase transition | 285 K | 285 | b-Sn | model | [6] OHNO 2006 | p. 5; `ORC-HHHXSJP4JJ` | “By lowering the free energy of b-Sn by just a few kJ/mol it is shown that now the transition temperature calculated from first-principles is about 285 K, much closer to the experimental value (286 K) and without any adjustments to the calculated finite temperature thermodynamic properties.” |
| Phase transition | 286 K | 286 | a-Sn -> b-Sn | model | [6] OHNO 2006; _cites Dinsdale 1991_ | p. 5; `ORC-SKWXC3F6XJ` | “In the case of Sn, both a-Sn and b-Sn are dynamically stable at low temperatures and it is possible to use the present methods to try to estimate the a ! b transition, which occurs at 286 K \[41\].” |
| Phase transition | 286.15 K | 286.15 | polymorphic: βSn -> αSn; _βSn: Sn 1; αSn: Sn 1_ | unspecified | [7] Anderson 1992 | Table 1, p. 1, row 4; `ORC-XPO42KRFJL` |  |
| Phase transition | 286.15 K | 286.15 | βSn + αSn | model | [8] Zemanova 2012 | Table 3, p. 5, row 32; `ORC-DTZPVVPYYX` |  |
| Phase transition | 294.15 K | 294.15 | other: L + (Sn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992; _cites ref. 64Pre_ | Table 2, p. 4, row 23; `ORC-HLQIZJZXO6` |  |
| Phase transition | 294.15 K | 294.15 | other: L + (Sn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992; _cites ref. 64Pre_ | Table 2, p. 3, row 75; `ORC-ZNUAG7JVLT` |  |
| Phase transition | 445.15 K | 445.15 | other: L + (Sn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992; _cites ref. 64Pre_ | Table 2, p. 4, row 22; `ORC-AKDBB47J22` |  |
| Phase transition | 445.15 K | 445.15 | other: L + (Sn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992; _cites ref. 64Pre_ | Table 2, p. 3, row 74; `ORC-DF7472YVNT` |  |
| Phase transition | 471.15 K | 471.15 | other: L + (Sn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992; _cites ref. 64Pre_ | Table 2, p. 4, row 21; `ORC-7ZALBWGIFU` |  |
| Phase transition | 471.15 K | 471.15 | other: L + (Sn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992; _cites ref. 64Pre_ | Table 2, p. 3, row 73; `ORC-DNK4NAG4MR` |  |
| Phase transition | 481.15 K | 481.15 | other: L + (Sn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992; _cites ref. 64Pre_ | Table 2, p. 3, row 72; `ORC-CDS7CM3LGU` |  |
| Phase transition | 481.15 K | 481.15 | other: L + (Sn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992; _cites ref. 64Pre_ | Table 2, p. 4, row 20; `ORC-GTWR65HPI6` |  |
| Phase transition | 488.15 K | 488.15 | other: L + (Sn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992; _cites ref. 64Pre_ | Table 2, p. 3, row 71; `ORC-CDWLM3NPYU` |  |
| Phase transition | 488.15 K | 488.15 | other: L + (Sn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992; _cites ref. 64Pre_ | Table 2, p. 4, row 19; `ORC-IGSAH2IQHO` |  |
| Phase transition | 497.15 K | 497.15 | other: L + (Sn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992; _cites ref. 64Pre_ | Table 2, p. 3, row 70; `ORC-QIQEYQLXPF` |  |
| Phase transition | 497.15 K | 497.15 | other: L + (Sn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992; _cites ref. 64Pre_ | Table 2, p. 4, row 18; `ORC-WN2IJIA7PS` |  |

### Mixing / partial (4)

Table: Mixing / partial, Sn system

| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gibbs energy of mixing; _printed: Integral Gibbs energies of mixing_ | 0 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 1373 | liquid; _alloy: Sn 1_ | model | [9] Charles 1999 | Table 7, p. 8, row 2; `ORC-5QOPBHTUJR` |  |
| Gibbs energy of mixing; _printed: Integral Gibbs energies of mixing_ | 0 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 1573 | liquid; _alloy: Sn 1_ | model | [9] Charles 1999 | Table 7, p. 8, row 3; `ORC-SWACH2RY55` |  |
| Gibbs energy of mixing; _printed: Integral Gibbs energies of mixing_ | 0 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 1773 | liquid; _alloy: Sn 1_ | model | [9] Charles 1999 | Table 7, p. 8, row 6; `ORC-PBIQYHWPCF` |  |
| sm fusion; _printed: ΔSmelt_ | 13.91 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 505.1 | UNKNOWN; _alloy: Sn 1_ | model | [9] Charles 1999; _cites Dinsdale 1991_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916%2891%2990030-n) | Table 2, p. 4, row 2; `ORC-TPCARVYVBQ` |  |

### Heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy (8)

Table: Heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy, Sn system

| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entropy; _printed: S,298_ | 46.34 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 0 | α-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | DFT | [6] OHNO 2006 | Table 2, p. 4, row 5; `ORC-BM36QVX5ZG.7acd14` |  |
| Entropy; _printed: S,298_ | 53.66 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 0 | β-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | DFT | [6] OHNO 2006 | Table 2, p. 4, row 3; `ORC-2N747K4OMA.25ba08` |  |
| Entropy; _printed: S,298_ | 44.26 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | α-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [6] OHNO 2006; _cites Ravelo 1997_ | Table 2, p. 4, row 6; `ORC-PA327S5UMV.f76ddf` |  |
| Entropy; _printed: S,298_ | 51.2 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | β-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [6] OHNO 2006; _cites Dederichs 1981_ | Table 2, p. 4, row 4; `ORC-K2ELF7DW5N.01fd01` |  |
| Heat capacity; _printed: CP298_ | 24.65 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 0 | α-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | DFT | [6] OHNO 2006 | Table 2, p. 4, row 5; `ORC-BM36QVX5ZG.3b86da` |  |
| Heat capacity; _printed: CP298_ | 26.22 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 0 | β-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | DFT | [6] OHNO 2006 | Table 2, p. 4, row 3; `ORC-2N747K4OMA.45ef0b` |  |
| Heat capacity; _printed: CP298_ | 25.79 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | α-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [6] OHNO 2006; _cites Ravelo 1997_ | Table 2, p. 4, row 6; `ORC-PA327S5UMV.700f44` |  |
| Heat capacity; _printed: CP298_ | 26.99 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | β-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [6] OHNO 2006; _cites Dederichs 1981_ | Table 2, p. 4, row 4; `ORC-K2ELF7DW5N.eed22d` |  |

### Activity / EMF / Gibbs energy (2)

Table: Activity / EMF / Gibbs energy, Sn system

| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gibbs energy; _printed: Gm(ω)-Gm(β)_ | -74 J/mol | 0 | UNKNOWN; _alloy: Sn 1_ | DFT | [10] Yan 2016 | Table 4, p. 5, row 13; `ORC-72UQIN2H7K` |  |
| Gibbs energy; _printed: Gm(ω)-Gm(β)_ | -74 J/mol | 0 | UNKNOWN; _alloy: Sn 1_ | model | [10] Yan 2016 | Table 4, p. 5, row 14; `ORC-WZ5WSHMR3P` |  |

### Crystal structure (51)

Table: Crystal structure, Sn system

| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lattice a | 5.42 Å | 0 | (Sn-α); _(Sn-α): Sn 1_ | DFT | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 | Table 1, p. 3, row 30; `ORC-KL5F7I3Y2S.aa0c6f` |  |
| Lattice a | 5.83 Å |  | (Sn-β); _(Sn-β): Sn 1_ | experimental | [11] Kali-Ali 2017; _cites Wolcyrz 1981_ | Table 1, p. 3, row 31; `ORC-3YL7OUYRHN.a3eadc` |  |
| Lattice a | 5.94 Å | 0 | (Sn-β); _(Sn-β): Sn 1_ | DFT | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 | Table 1, p. 3, row 32; `ORC-YMI6NH2A4J.2ca21a` |  |
| Lattice a | 5.9704 Å |  | (βSn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | unspecified | [12] Tang 2012 | Table 4, p. 5, row 13; `ORC-6DVNIXI6QB.78fce7` |  |
| Lattice a; _printed: a_ | 5.964 Å | 0 | A5-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | DFT | [5] Berche 2016 | Table 2, p. 4, row 3; `ORC-MFVZWOUC5L.6db43f` |  |
| Lattice a | 6.4892 Å | 13 (\<) | (αSn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | unspecified | [13] Kozlov 2008 | Table 1, p. 4, row 5; `ORC-AYIZ2GYMQQ` |  |
| Lattice a | 6.4892 Å | 13 (\<) | (αSn); _(αSn): Sn 1_ | unspecified | [7] Anderson 1992; _cites ref. 2_ | Table 4, p. 5, row 4; `ORC-NAYPW7MNWV` |  |
| Lattice a | 5.8316 Å | 122.484 | (βSn); _(βSn): Sn 1_ | unspecified | [7] Anderson 1992; _cites ref. 1_ | Table 4, p. 5, row 3; `ORC-FN5E4Y7Q7K.4b7487` |  |
| Lattice a | 5.8318 Å | 122.485 | (βSn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | unspecified | [13] Kozlov 2008 | Table 1, p. 4, row 4; `ORC-4V7K7YR5SH.33ee3d` |  |
| Lattice a | 6.4892 Å | 286.2 (\<) | (αSn); _(αSn): Sn 1_ | model | [14] Yen 2003 | Table 3, p. 6, row 4; `ORC-SZHVBCJNIA` |  |
| Lattice a | 6.4892 Å | 293.15 | (αSn); _(αSn): Sn 1_ | unspecified | [1] Sheldon 1987 | Table 3, p. 3, row 2; `ORC-4F7XVASBHX` |  |
| Lattice a | 5.43 Å | 298.15 | (Sn-α); _(Sn-α): Sn 1_ | unspecified | [11] Kali-Ali 2017; _cites Tsukeva 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1524/zkri.1989.187.1-2.63) | Table 1, p. 3, row 29; `ORC-QYPVORXNHG.9fcbbf` |  |
| Lattice a | 6.4892 Å | 298.15 | (αSn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [15] Qin 2014; _cites Thewlis 1954_ | Table 2, p. 3, row 3; `ORC-FJTDH4P2DX` |  |
| Lattice a | 6.4892 Å | 298.15 | (αSn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | model | [12] Tang 2012; _cites Massalski 1986_ | Table 4, p. 5, row 14; `ORC-YJAMJVOSOU` |  |
| Lattice a | 5.8315 Å | 298.15 | (βSn); _(βSn): Sn 1_ | unspecified | [1] Sheldon 1987 | Table 3, p. 3, row 1; `ORC-5SPVUBAROQ.e17ff8` |  |
| Lattice a | 5.8326 Å | 298.15 | (βSn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | model | [12] Tang 2012; _cites King 1981_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02868307) | Table 4, p. 5, row 12; `ORC-KUTGN5HAN6.a9c1a9` |  |
| Lattice a | 5.8316 Å | 298.15 | (βSn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | model | [15] Qin 2014; _cites King 1981_ | Table 2, p. 3, row 2; `ORC-N6JICWKMYH.5de7ee` |  |
| Lattice a | 5.83 Å | 298.15 | bct-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [16] Zhou 2014; _cites Villars 2004_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.443-444.357) | Table 2, p. 4, row 4; `ORC-ER4ZN2TISM.ee4dbe` |  |
| Lattice a | 5.93 Å | 298.15 | bct-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | DFT | [16] Zhou 2014; _cites Arroyave 2006_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.74.174118) | Table 2, p. 4, row 5; `ORC-HQVPVMIZLK.562c60` |  |
| Lattice a | 5.933 Å | 298.15 | bct-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | DFT | [16] Zhou 2014 | Table 2, p. 4, row 6; `ORC-XP7LLXYXSO.67c62e` |  |
| Lattice a | 5.829 Å | 298.15 | βSn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [17] Dong 2013; _cites Franceschi 1988_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01913184) | Table 1, p. 2, row 14; `ORC-JX2FITBIBH.1d4f4c` |  |
| Lattice a | 5.7998 Å | 298.15 | βSn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [18] Li 2014; _cites Helfrich 1964_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160%2864%2990039-2) | Table 5, p. 4, row 9; `ORC-KEMM2474BI.23b154` |  |
| Lattice a | 5.8317 Å | 395.634 | (βSn); _(βSn): Sn 1_ | model | [14] Yen 2003 | Table 3, p. 6, row 2; `ORC-GD6VRJB62H.8daa31` |  |
| Lattice b | 5.42 Å | 0 | (Sn-α); _(Sn-α): Sn 1_ | DFT | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 | Table 1, p. 3, row 30; `ORC-KL5F7I3Y2S.1215d5` |  |
| Lattice b | 5.83 Å |  | (Sn-β); _(Sn-β): Sn 1_ | experimental | [11] Kali-Ali 2017; _cites Wolcyrz 1981_ | Table 1, p. 3, row 31; `ORC-3YL7OUYRHN.47b857` |  |
| Lattice b | 5.49 Å | 0 | (Sn-β); _(Sn-β): Sn 1_ | DFT | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 | Table 1, p. 3, row 32; `ORC-YMI6NH2A4J.db8898` |  |
| Lattice b | 5.43 Å | 298.15 | (Sn-α); _(Sn-α): Sn 1_ | unspecified | [11] Kali-Ali 2017; _cites Tsukeva 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1524/zkri.1989.187.1-2.63) | Table 1, p. 3, row 29; `ORC-QYPVORXNHG.9a9fa9` |  |
| Lattice c | 5.42 Å | 0 | (Sn-α); _(Sn-α): Sn 1_ | DFT | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 | Table 1, p. 3, row 30; `ORC-KL5F7I3Y2S.d161ba` |  |
| Lattice c | 3.18 Å |  | (Sn-β); _(Sn-β): Sn 1_ | experimental | [11] Kali-Ali 2017; _cites Wolcyrz 1981_ | Table 1, p. 3, row 31; `ORC-3YL7OUYRHN.aa020c` |  |
| Lattice c | 3.21 Å | 0 | (Sn-β); _(Sn-β): Sn 1_ | DFT | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 | Table 1, p. 3, row 32; `ORC-YMI6NH2A4J.dee7fb` |  |
| Lattice c | 3.1824 Å |  | (βSn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | unspecified | [12] Tang 2012 | Table 4, p. 5, row 13; `ORC-6DVNIXI6QB.c21c31` |  |
| Lattice c; _printed: c_ | 3.194 Å | 0 | A5-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | DFT | [5] Berche 2016 | Table 2, p. 4, row 3; `ORC-MFVZWOUC5L.d35759` |  |
| Lattice c | 3.1815 Å | 122.484 | (βSn); _(βSn): Sn 1_ | unspecified | [7] Anderson 1992; _cites ref. 1_ | Table 4, p. 5, row 3; `ORC-FN5E4Y7Q7K.17f70e` |  |
| Lattice c | 3.1818 Å | 122.485 | (βSn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | unspecified | [13] Kozlov 2008 | Table 1, p. 4, row 4; `ORC-4V7K7YR5SH.b0de69` |  |
| Lattice c | 5.43 Å | 298.15 | (Sn-α); _(Sn-α): Sn 1_ | unspecified | [11] Kali-Ali 2017; _cites Tsukeva 1989_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1524/zkri.1989.187.1-2.63) | Table 1, p. 3, row 29; `ORC-QYPVORXNHG.5a7b3c` |  |
| Lattice c | 3.1814 Å | 298.15 | (βSn); _(βSn): Sn 1_ | unspecified | [1] Sheldon 1987 | Table 3, p. 3, row 1; `ORC-5SPVUBAROQ.91a502` |  |
| Lattice c | 3.1821 Å | 298.15 | (βSn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | model | [12] Tang 2012; _cites King 1981_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02868307) | Table 4, p. 5, row 12; `ORC-KUTGN5HAN6.bc12ca` |  |
| Lattice c | 3.1815 Å | 298.15 | (βSn); _alloy: Sn 1_ | model | [15] Qin 2014; _cites King 1981_ | Table 2, p. 3, row 2; `ORC-N6JICWKMYH.edb030` |  |
| Lattice c | 3.184 Å | 298.15 | bct-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [16] Zhou 2014; _cites Villars 2004_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.443-444.357) | Table 2, p. 4, row 4; `ORC-ER4ZN2TISM.e8f9fb` |  |
| Lattice c | 3.23 Å | 298.15 | bct-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | DFT | [16] Zhou 2014; _cites Arroyave 2006_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.74.174118) | Table 2, p. 4, row 5; `ORC-HQVPVMIZLK.d95a35` |  |
| Lattice c | 3.202 Å | 298.15 | bct-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | DFT | [16] Zhou 2014 | Table 2, p. 4, row 6; `ORC-XP7LLXYXSO.5a2458` |  |
| Lattice c | 3.18 Å | 298.15 | βSn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [17] Dong 2013; _cites Franceschi 1988_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01913184) | Table 1, p. 2, row 14; `ORC-JX2FITBIBH.09ee9e` |  |
| Lattice c | 3.1642 Å | 298.15 | βSn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [18] Li 2014; _cites Helfrich 1964_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160%2864%2990039-2) | Table 5, p. 4, row 9; `ORC-KEMM2474BI.5aef6a` |  |
| Lattice c | 3.1813 Å | 395.634 | (βSn); _(βSn): Sn 1_ | model | [14] Yen 2003 | Table 3, p. 6, row 2; `ORC-GD6VRJB62H.61e2c6` |  |
| Molar volume | 16.98 cm3/mol |  | L; _alloy: Sn 1_ | model | [19] Ohtani 1995; _cites Karakaya 1988_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02890552) | Table 3, p. 2, row 6; `ORC-ZUBMPVLVQN` |  |
| Molar volume | 16.555 cm3/mol |  | γ; _alloy: Sn 1_ | model | [19] Ohtani 1995; _cites Karakaya 1988_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02890552) | Table 3, p. 2, row 7; `ORC-MITPLH6Y52` |  |
| Molar volume | 16.855 cm3/mol |  | δ; _alloy: Sn 1_ | model | [19] Ohtani 1995; _cites Karakaya 1988_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02890552) | Table 3, p. 2, row 8; `ORC-XZKGA2OX6I` |  |
| Molar volume | 16.548 cm3/mol |  | ε; _alloy: Sn 1_ | model | [19] Ohtani 1995; _cites Karakaya 1988_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02890552) | Table 3, p. 2, row 9; `ORC-PH6RMBCLFG` |  |
| lattice beta | 90 ° | 298.15 | βSn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [18] Li 2014; _cites Helfrich 1964_ [doi](https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160%2864%2990039-2) | Table 5, p. 4, row 9; `ORC-KEMM2474BI.60133c` |  |
| volume; _printed: V_ | 28.423 Å3/atom | 0 | bct-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | model | [16] Zhou 2014 | Table 3, p. 4, row 3; `ORC-XSYBGFFNYZ.368278` |  |
| volume; _printed: V_ | 27.055 Å3/atom |  | bct-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [16] Zhou 2014; _cites Vaidya 1970_ | Table 3, p. 4, row 4; `ORC-ZC2ROY2BIP.0cedfa` |  |

### Other property (2)

Table: Other property, Sn system

| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|---|
| bulk modulus; _printed: B_ | 47.686 GPa | 0 | bct-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | model | [16] Zhou 2014 | Table 3, p. 4, row 3; `ORC-XSYBGFFNYZ.95f7db` |  |
| bulk modulus; _printed: B_ | 58 GPa |  | bct-Sn; _alloy: Sn 1_ | experimental | [16] Zhou 2014; _cites Vaidya 1970_ | Table 3, p. 4, row 4; `ORC-ZC2ROY2BIP.5bd338` |  |

## Sources

Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).

1. R. I. Sheldon, E. M. Foltyn, D. E. Peterson, The Sn-U (Tin-Uranium) system, Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams 8, 347-352 (1987). [doi:10.1007/bf02869271](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02869271)
2. Vincent Grolier, Rainer Schmid-Fetzer, Thermodynamic analysis of the Pt–Sn system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 450, 264-271 (2008). [doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.11.027](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.11.027)
3. Senlin Cui, Jian Wang, Zhimin You, Ralph E. Napolitano, Critical evaluation and thermodynamic modeling of the Pd–Sn system, Intermetallics 126, 106945 (2020). [doi:10.1016/j.intermet.2020.106945](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2020.106945)
4. Nihad Subasic, Thermodynamic evaluation of Sn-Zr phase diagram, Calphad 22, 157-165 (1998). [doi:10.1016/s0364-5916(98)00021-2](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0364-5916%2898%2900021-2)
5. A. Berche, J.C. Tédenac, P. Jund, Phase diagram and enthalpy of formation of Hf-Ni-Sn, Computational Materials Science 125, 271-277 (2016). [doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2016.08.042](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2016.08.042)
6. M OHNO, A KOZLOV, R ARROYAVE, Z LIU, R SCHMIDFETZER, Thermodynamic modeling of the Ca–Sn system based on finite temperature quantities from first-principles and experiment, Acta Materialia 54, 4939-4951 (2006). [doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2006.06.017](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2006.06.017)
7. T. J. Anderson, I. Ansara, The Ga-Sn (gallium-tin) system, JPE 13, 181-189 (1992). [doi:10.1007/bf02667485](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02667485)
8. Adela Zemanova, Ales Kroupa, Alan Dinsdale, Theoretical assessment of the Ni–Sn system, Monatsh Chem 143, 1255-1261 (2012). [doi:10.1007/s00706-012-0778-5](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-012-0778-5)
9. J. Charles, J. J. Kuntz, J. C. Gachon, L. Perring, A thermodynamic assessment of the ruthenium-tin (Ru-Sn) system, JPE 20, 573-580 (1999). [doi:10.1361/105497199770340563](https://doi.org/10.1361/105497199770340563)
10. Jia-Yi Yan, G.B. Olson, Computational thermodynamics and kinetics of displacive transformations in titanium-based alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 673, 441-454 (2016). [doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.02.251](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.02.251)
11. F. Kali-Ali, Y. Djaballah, S. Triaa, Ş. Uğur, A. Belgacem-Bouzida, M. Drir et al., Ab-Initio Calculations and Thermodynamic Description of the Yb-Cd and Yb-Sn Systems, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 38, 665-675 (2017). [doi:10.1007/s11669-017-0588-x](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-017-0588-x)
12. Cai Tang, Biao Hu, Yong Du, Dongdong Zhao, Peng Zhou, Feng Zheng et al., Thermodynamic modeling of the Hf–Sn and Sn–Y systems, Calphad 39, 91-96 (2012). [doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2012.09.003](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2012.09.003)
13. A. Kozlov, M. Ohno, R. Arroyave, Z.K. Liu, R. Schmid-Fetzer, Phase equilibria, thermodynamics and solidification microstructures of Mg–Sn–Ca alloys, Part 1: Experimental investigation and thermodynamic modeling of the ternary Mg–Sn–Ca system, Intermetallics 16, 299-315 (2008). [doi:10.1016/j.intermet.2007.10.010](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2007.10.010)
14. Yee-Wen Yen, Joachim Gröbner, Rainer Schmid-Fetzer, Yee-Wen Yen, Steve C. Hansen, Thermodynamic assessment of the Hg-Sn system, JPE 24, 151-167 (2003). [doi:10.1361/105497103770330776](https://doi.org/10.1361/105497103770330776)
15. Aning Qin, Rong Wang, Yaru Wang, Jiong Wang, Shuhong Liu, Kaiming Cheng et al., Thermodynamic assessment of the Cd–X (X=Sn, Mn, Fe) systems, Calphad 47, 83-91 (2014). [doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2014.06.006](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2014.06.006)
16. Bi-Cheng Zhou, Shun-Li Shang, Zi-Kui Liu, First-principles calculations and thermodynamic modeling of the Sn−Sr and Mg−Sn−Sr systems, Calphad 46, 237-248 (2014). [doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2014.04.003](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2014.04.003)
17. H.Q. Dong, X.M. Tao, T. Laurila, V. Vuorinen, M. Paulasto-Kröckel, Thermodynamic modeling of Au–Ce–Sn ternary system, Calphad 42, 38-50 (2013). [doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2013.07.013](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2013.07.013)
18. D. Li, S. Fürtauer, H. Flandorfer, D.M. Cupid, Thermodynamic assessment and experimental investigation of the Li–Sn system, Calphad 47, 181-195 (2014). [doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2014.09.002](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2014.09.002)
19. H. Ohtani, K. Okuda, K. Ishida, Thermodynamic study of phase equilibria in the Pb-Sn-Sb system, JPE 16, 416-429 (1995). [doi:10.1007/bf02645349](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02645349)

## Please cite

- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569
- R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0).

Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

```bibtex
@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}
```

---

Derived data CC BY 4.0 ([licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)): cite ORCHID ([CITATION.cff](https://data.orchid-project.org/CITATION.cff)) and the original sources. Quotes are short excerpts kept so that each value can be checked; they remain under the publishers' copyright and are not relicensed. Source papers, page images and full text are not redistributed. Field reference: [SCHEMA.md](https://data.orchid-project.org/literature/SCHEMA.md). Machine-readable guide: [llms.txt](https://data.orchid-project.org/llms.txt). Found an error? The report link of a value (Markdown: its id, ORC-..., in the Location column) opens a pre-filled GitHub issue, https://github.com/orchid-calphad/orchid-data/issues/new?template=report-value-error.yml&record_id=\<id>, carrying only the record id, source and value; [how to contribute](https://orchid-project.org/contribute/).