Cr3C2: enthalpy of formation

17 accepted literature formation-enthalpy value(s) (experimental 13, model 4).

Systems: C–Cr

Literature values

Enthalpy of formation of Cr3C2 reported in the literature (17)
Value	Phase as printed	T (K)	Class	Method	System	Source	Location
-114.4 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	experimental	CO equilibrium pressure (1965)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004 cites Gleiser 1965 doi	Table II, p. 4, row 2 report
-102.1 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	experimental	EMF, BaF2-BaC2 (1984)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004 cites Coltters 1984 doi	Table II, p. 4, row 6 report
-95.6 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	experimental	CO equilibrium pressure (1944)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004 cites Kelley 2004	Table II, p. 4, row 1 report
-77.7 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	experimental	combustion calorimetry (1969)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004 cites Mah 1969	Table II, p. 4, row 13 report
-76.7 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	experimental	CO equilibrium pressure (1972)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004 cites Kulkarni 1972 doi	Table II, p. 4, row 3 report
-72.3 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	experimental	EMF, CaF2 (2001)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004 cites Kleykamp 2001 doi	Table II, p. 4, row 9 report
-71.7 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	experimental	EMF, CaF2 (2003)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004	Table II, p. 4, row 12 report
-66.9 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	experimental	EMF, CaF2 (1989)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004 cites Du 1989	Table II, p. 4, row 11 report
-65.5 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	experimental	EMF, CaF2 (1971)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004 cites Tanaka 1971	Table II, p. 4, row 10 report
-64.4 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	experimental	EMF, ThO2-Y2O3 (1971)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004 cites Mabuchi 1971 doi	Table II, p. 4, row 7 report
-63.8 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	experimental	CH4/H2 gas equilibrium (1996)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004 cites Anthonysamy 1996	Table II, p. 4, row 4 report
-56.8 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	experimental	Knudsen effusion cells (1963)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004 cites Vintaikin 1963	Table II, p. 4, row 5 report
-56.4 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	experimental	EMF, CaF2 (1969)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004 cites Kleykamp 1969 doi	Table II, p. 4, row 8 report
-87.8 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	model	estimation (1963)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004 cites Wicks 1963	Table II, p. 4, row 15 report
-85.3 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	model	estimation (1993)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004 cites Barin 1993	Table II, p. 4, row 17 report
-71.4 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	model	estimation (1987)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004 cites Andersson 1987 doi	Table II, p. 4, row 16 report
-68.97 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	Cr3C2	298.15	model	estimation (1961)	C–Cr	[1] Teng 2004 cites Storms 1967	Table II, p. 4, row 14 report

Uncertainty budget

Components kept separate, in the value's unit (literature SCHEMA.md, UNCERTAINTY_CALIBRATION.md): effective = max(sqrt(max(printed, reading, method)^2 + composition^2 + conversion^2), scatter). The method floor is the robust between-study scatter of the method class in ORCHID (calibrated) or a documented prior; printed values and printed uncertainties are unchanged.

Uncertainty budget of the literature values of Cr3C2
Value	Unit	Reading	Method (class, basis)	Effective
-114.4	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.05	17.5 (equilibration_other, calibrated)	17.5
-102.1	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.05	23 (emf, cleaned_below_threshold)	23
-95.6	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.05	17.5 (equilibration_other, calibrated)	17.5
-77.7	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.05	5 (combustion_calorimetry, cleaned_below_threshold)	5
-76.7	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.05	17.5 (equilibration_other, calibrated)	17.5
-72.3	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.05	23 (emf, cleaned_below_threshold)	23
-71.7	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.05	23 (emf, cleaned_below_threshold)	23
-66.9	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.05	23 (emf, cleaned_below_threshold)	23
-65.5	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.05	23 (emf, cleaned_below_threshold)	23
-64.4	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.05	23 (emf, cleaned_below_threshold)	23
-63.8	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.05	17.5 (equilibration_other, calibrated)	17.5
-56.8	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.05	21 (kems_vapour, calibrated)	21
-56.4	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.05	23 (emf, cleaned_below_threshold)	23
-87.8	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.05	19.5 (model_calculated, calibrated)	19.5
-85.3	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.05	19.5 (model_calculated, calibrated)	19.5
-71.4	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.05	19.5 (model_calculated, calibrated)	19.5
-68.97	kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0.005	19.5 (model_calculated, calibrated)	19.5

Sources

L. D. Teng, K. G. Lu, R. E. Aune, S. Seetharaman, Thermodynamic investigations of Cr3C2 and reassessment of the Cr-C system, Metall Mater Trans A 35, 3673-3680 (2004). doi:10.1007/s11661-004-0273-7

Please cite

R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735569
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Parity: DFT-vs-experiment formation-enthalpy benchmark (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735943
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0); G. Kim, S. V. Meschel, P. Nash, W. Chen, Experimental formation enthalpies for intermetallic phases and other inorganic compounds, Scientific Data 4 (2017) 170162, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.162; B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file. Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_dft_benchmark_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Parity: DFT-vs-experiment formation-enthalpy benchmark}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735943},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735943},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}