TiC: enthalpy of formation

11 accepted literature formation-enthalpy value(s) (experimental 4, model 7); Materials Project -78.062 kJ/mol-atom (mp-aaaaaayh); OQMD -77.586 kJ/mol-atom (oqmd-1949).

Systems: C–Ti

Literature values

Enthalpy of formation of TiC reported in the literature (11)
Value	Phase as printed	T (K)	Class	System	Source	Location
-95.2 per mol-atom	TiC	277.15	experimental	C–Ti	[1] Saeki 2020 cites ref. 41	Table 1, p. 4, row 4 report
-92.9 per mol-atom ± 8.9	TiC	277.15	experimental	C–Ti	[1] Saeki 2020 cites ref. 42	Table 1, p. 4, row 5 report
-91.7 per mol-atom ± 0.8	TiC	277.15	experimental	C–Ti	[1] Saeki 2020 cites ref. 39	Table 1, p. 4, row 2 report
-91.6 per mol-atom ± 9.6	TiC	277.15	experimental	C–Ti	[1] Saeki 2020 cites ref. 40	Table 1, p. 4, row 3 report
-94 kJ/mol-atom	TiC	298.15	model	C–Ti	[2] Frisk 2003 cites Jonsson 1996	Table 1, p. 2, row 1 report
-92 kJ/mol-atom	TiC	298.15	model	C–Ti	[2] Frisk 2003 cites Fernandez 1992	Table 1, p. 2, row 5 report
-90.5 kJ/mol-atom	TiC	298.15	model	C–Ti	[2] Frisk 2003 cites Albertsen 1995	Table 1, p. 2, row 2 report
-90 kJ/mol-atom	TiC	298.15	model	C–Ti	[2] Frisk 2003	Table 1, p. 2, row 6 report
-82.4 kJ/mol-atom	TiC	277.15	model	C–Ti	[1] Saeki 2020	Table 1, p. 4, row 1 report
-78 kJ/mol-atom	TiC	298.15	model	C–Ti	[2] Frisk 2003 cites Seifert 1996 doi	Table 1, p. 2, row 3 report
-74 kJ/mol-atom	TiC	298.15	model	C–Ti	[2] Frisk 2003 cites Dumitrescu 1999	Table 1, p. 2, row 4 report

Uncertainty budget

Components kept separate, in the value's unit (literature SCHEMA.md, UNCERTAINTY_CALIBRATION.md): effective = max(sqrt(max(printed, reading, method)^2 + composition^2 + conversion^2), scatter). The method floor is the robust between-study scatter of the method class in ORCHID (calibrated) or a documented prior; printed values and printed uncertainties are unchanged.

Uncertainty budget of the literature values of TiC
Value	Unit	Printed	Reading	Method (class, basis)	Effective
-95.2	per mol-atom		0.05	unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom	unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom
-92.9	per mol-atom	8.9	0.05	unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom	8.9
-91.7	per mol-atom	0.8	0.05	unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom	0.8
-91.6	per mol-atom	9.6	0.05	unit 'per mol-atom' not convertible to kJ/mol-atom	9.6
-94	kJ/mol-atom		0.5	3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated)	3.9
-92	kJ/mol-atom		0.5	3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated)	3.9
-90.5	kJ/mol-atom		0.05	3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated)	3.9
-90	kJ/mol-atom		0.5	3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated)	3.9
-82.4	kJ/mol-atom		0.05	3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated)	3.9
-78	kJ/mol-atom		0.5	3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated)	3.9
-74	kJ/mol-atom		0.5	3.9 (model_calculated, calibrated)	3.9

DFT formation energies

Lowest-energy entries at this composition. Materials Project and OQMD use different energy references and are never averaged. 1 eV/atom = 96.485 kJ/mol-atom.

DFT formation energy of TiC
Source	Entry	kJ/mol-atom	eV/atom	Space group	E above hull (kJ/mol-atom)	E above hull (eV/atom)	Theoretical
Materials Project	mp-aaaaaayh	-78.062	-0.809062	Fm-3m	0	0	no
OQMD	oqmd-1949	-77.586	-0.804125	Fm-3m	0	0	no

DFT sources: A. Jain et al., Commentary: The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002. doi:10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501-1509; S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010. doi:10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 (CC BY 4.0);

Sources

Michitoshi Saeki, Takako Yamashita, Hiroshi Ohtani, Thermodynamic Study on Solubility Products of Ti4C2S2 in Fe Using First-Principles Calculations, ISIJ Int. 60, 745-755 (2020). doi:10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2019-274
Karin Frisk, A revised thermodynamic description of the Ti–C system, Calphad 27, 367-373 (2003). doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2004.01.004

Please cite

R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735569
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Parity: DFT-vs-experiment formation-enthalpy benchmark (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735943
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0); G. Kim, S. V. Meschel, P. Nash, W. Chen, Experimental formation enthalpies for intermetallic phases and other inorganic compounds, Scientific Data 4 (2017) 170162, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.162; B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file. Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_dft_benchmark_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Parity: DFT-vs-experiment formation-enthalpy benchmark}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735943},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735943},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}