C–Ti system

103 accepted literature values from 5 paper(s) (experimental 55, model 37, unspecified 11); 0 calculated phase diagram(s). 12 further extracted value(s) not accepted by the reader-agreement checks are only in the JSON/CSV.

Data: JSON · CSV · interactive explorer · phases (6) · papers (bibliography) · Markdown

Accepted values by evidence class
Evidence class	Values
experimental	55
model	37
unspecified	11

Accepted values by property group
Property group	Values
invariant reaction	13
phase transition	3
formation	32
heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy	5
crystal structure	50

Convex hulls: Materials Project DFT hull · OQMD DFT hull · CALPHAD hull TiC-95Dus · CALPHAD hull TiC-96Jon · CALPHAD hull TiC-96Sei · CALPHAD hull TiC-99Dum-LB

Invariant reactions (literature)

Invariant reactions reported in the literature for the C–Ti system (13)
T (K)	Reaction / phases	Compositions (mole fraction)	Class	Source	Location
3338	congruent melting: fcc-A1 -> Liquid	fcc-A1: Ti 0.554; Liquid: Ti 0.554	model	[1] (ed.) 1998	Table I, p. 151, row 4 report
3049.6	L <-> TiC + C	L: C 0.6643; TiC: C 0.5; C: C 1	model	[2] Seifert 1996	Table 4, p. 5, row 3 report
3049	L <-> TiC + C	L: C 0.63; TiC: C 0.5; C: C 1	experimental	[2] Seifert 1996 cites Rudy 1965 doi	Table 4, p. 5, row 4 report
3044	eutectic: Liquid -> graphite + fcc-A1	Liquid: Ti 0.349; graphite: Ti 0; fcc-A1: Ti 0.515	model	[1] (ed.) 1998	Table I, p. 151, row 3 report
1925.2	eutectic: Liquid -> fcc-A1* + bcc-A2	Liquid: Ti 0.968; fcc-A1*: Ti 0.687; bcc-A2: Ti 0.974	model	[1] (ed.) 1998	Table I, p. 151, row 1 report
1923	L <-> βTi + TiC	L: C 0.015; TiC: C 0.5	experimental	[2] Seifert 1996 cites Rudy 1965 doi	Table 4, p. 5, row 6 report
1919.7	L <-> βTi + TiC	L: C 0.0132; TiC: C 0.5	model	[2] Seifert 1996	Table 4, p. 5, row 5 report
1918	L <-> βTi + TiC	L: C 0.0439; TiC: C 0.5	experimental	[2] Seifert 1996 cites ref. 59Bic	Table 4, p. 5, row 7 report
1205.15	peritectoid: βTi + TiC1-x -> αTi	βTi: C 0.004; TiC1-x: C 0.344; αTi: C 0.021	model	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Jonsson 1992	Table 1, p. 3, row 17 report
1193.2	βTi + TiC <-> αTi	βTi: C 0.0061; TiC: C 0.5	model	[2] Seifert 1996	Table 4, p. 5, row 8 report
1193	βTi + TiC <-> αTi	TiC: C 0.5	experimental	[2] Seifert 1996 cites EC 1956	Table 4, p. 5, row 10 report
1193	βTi + TiC <-> αTi	βTi: C 0.006; TiC: C 0.5	experimental	[2] Seifert 1996 cites Cadoff 1953	Table 4, p. 5, row 9 report
1190	peritectoid: fcc-A1* + bcc-A2 -> hcp-A3	fcc-A1*: Ti 0.655; bcc-A2: Ti 0.996; hcp-A3: Ti 0.984	model	[1] (ed.) 1998	Table I, p. 151, row 2 report

Formation enthalpies

Literature values in kJ/mol-atom where the per-atom basis is known. DFT columns: the lowest-energy entry at the same composition (Materials Project 2026.04.13, OQMD v1.8; different energy references, never averaged), from dft_parity.json.

Enthalpies of formation, C–Ti system (32)
Phase	Compound	Value	T (K)	Class	MP DFT (kJ/mol-atom)	OQMD DFT (kJ/mol-atom)	Source	Location
Ti2C	Ti2C	-64 kJ/mol-atom		model	-62.057 (mp-aaaaapwj)	-63.158 (oqmd-13975)	[4] Frisk 2003	Table 3, p. 5, row 3 report
Ti2C	Ti2C	-64 kJ/mol-atom		model	-62.057 (mp-aaaaapwj)	-63.158 (oqmd-13975)	[4] Frisk 2003 cites Fernandez 1992	Table 3, p. 5, row 1 report
Ti2C	Ti2C	-57 kJ/mol-atom		model	-62.057 (mp-aaaaapwj)	-63.158 (oqmd-13975)	[4] Frisk 2003 cites F 1988	Table 3, p. 5, row 2 report
TiC		-95.2 per mol-atom	277.15	experimental			[5] Saeki 2020 cites ref. 41	Table 1, p. 4, row 4 report
TiC	TiC	-94 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model	-78.062 (mp-aaaaaayh)	-77.586 (oqmd-1949)	[4] Frisk 2003 cites Jonsson 1996	Table 1, p. 2, row 1 report
TiC		-92.9 per mol-atom ± 8.9	277.15	experimental			[5] Saeki 2020 cites ref. 42	Table 1, p. 4, row 5 report
TiC	TiC	-92 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model	-78.062 (mp-aaaaaayh)	-77.586 (oqmd-1949)	[4] Frisk 2003 cites Fernandez 1992	Table 1, p. 2, row 5 report
TiC		-91.7 per mol-atom ± 0.8	277.15	experimental			[5] Saeki 2020 cites ref. 39	Table 1, p. 4, row 2 report
TiC		-91.6 per mol-atom ± 9.6	277.15	experimental			[5] Saeki 2020 cites ref. 40	Table 1, p. 4, row 3 report
TiC	TiC	-90.5 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model	-78.062 (mp-aaaaaayh)	-77.586 (oqmd-1949)	[4] Frisk 2003 cites Albertsen 1995	Table 1, p. 2, row 2 report
TiC	TiC	-90 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model	-78.062 (mp-aaaaaayh)	-77.586 (oqmd-1949)	[4] Frisk 2003	Table 1, p. 2, row 6 report
TiC	TiC	-82.4 kJ/mol-atom	277.15	model	-78.062 (mp-aaaaaayh)	-77.586 (oqmd-1949)	[5] Saeki 2020	Table 1, p. 4, row 1 report
TiC	TiC	-78 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model	-78.062 (mp-aaaaaayh)	-77.586 (oqmd-1949)	[4] Frisk 2003 cites Seifert 1996 doi	Table 1, p. 2, row 3 report
TiC	TiC	-74 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model	-78.062 (mp-aaaaaayh)	-77.586 (oqmd-1949)	[4] Frisk 2003 cites Dumitrescu 1999	Table 1, p. 2, row 4 report
TiCx		54 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model			[4] Frisk 2003 cites Zueva 1999	Table 2, p. 3, row 2 report
TiCx		62.5 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	experimental			[4] Frisk 2003 cites Lihrmann 1991	Table 2, p. 3, row 6 report
TiCx		65.2 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model			[4] Frisk 2003 cites Hugosson 2001 doi	Table 2, p. 3, row 19 report
TiCx		66 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model			[4] Frisk 2003	Table 2, p. 3, row 1 report
TiCx		67.5 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model			[4] Frisk 2003 cites Zueva 1999	Table 2, p. 3, row 3 report
TiCx		74.3 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model			[4] Frisk 2003 cites Hugosson 2001 doi	Table 2, p. 3, row 18 report
TiCx		77 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model			[4] Frisk 2003 cites F 1988	Table 2, p. 3, row 13 report
TiCx		78.5 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model			[4] Frisk 2003 cites Zueva 1999	Table 2, p. 3, row 4 report
TiCx		79.8 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model			[4] Frisk 2003 cites Hugosson 2001 doi	Table 2, p. 3, row 17 report
TiCx		84.4 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model			[4] Frisk 2003 cites Hugosson 2001 doi	Table 2, p. 3, row 16 report
TiCx		86.3 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model			[4] Frisk 2003 cites Hugosson 2001 doi	Table 2, p. 3, row 15 report
TiCx		86.6 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	experimental			[4] Frisk 2003 cites Kornilov 1981	Table 2, p. 3, row 11 report
TiCx		88 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	experimental			[4] Frisk 2003 cites Lowell 1961 doi	Table 2, p. 3, row 8 report
TiCx		91.5 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	experimental			[4] Frisk 2003 cites Morozova 1962	Table 2, p. 3, row 9 report
TiCx		92 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model			[4] Frisk 2003 cites Zueva 1999	Table 2, p. 3, row 5 report
TiCx		92 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	experimental			[4] Frisk 2003 cites Humphrey 1951 doi	Table 2, p. 3, row 7 report
TiCx		96.4 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model			[4] Frisk 2003 cites Mulokozi 1981 doi	Table 2, p. 3, row 12 report
TiCx		103.5 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	experimental			[4] Frisk 2003 cites Morozova 1962	Table 2, p. 3, row 10 report

Other properties

Phase transition (3)

Phase transition, C–Ti system
Property	Value	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location	Quote
Phase transition	3338.9 K	3338.9	L <-> TiC L: C 0.4453; TiC: C 0.5	model	[2] Seifert 1996	Table 4, p. 5, row 1 report
Phase transition	3340 K	3340	L <-> TiC L: C 0.44; TiC: C 0.5	experimental	[2] Seifert 1996 cites Rudy 1965 doi	Table 4, p. 5, row 2 report
Phase transition	3340 K	3340	congruent transformation	experimental	[2] Seifert 1996	p. 2 report	TiC shows a large homogeneity region and melts congruently at 3340 K with a C content of 44 at.%.

Heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy (5)

Heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy, C–Ti system
Property	Value	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location
Entropy printed: S298	15 J/mol-atom/K	298.15	TiC alloy: Ti 0.5	model	[4] Frisk 2003 cites Seifert 1996 doi	Table 1, p. 2, row 3 report
Entropy printed: S298	19 J/mol-atom/K	298.15	TiC alloy: Ti 0.5	model	[4] Frisk 2003 cites Dumitrescu 1999	Table 1, p. 2, row 4 report
Entropy printed: S298	12 J/mol-atom/K	298.15	TiC alloy: Ti 0.5	model	[4] Frisk 2003	Table 1, p. 2, row 6 report
Entropy printed: S298	12 J/mol-atom/K	298.15	TiC alloy: Ti 0.5	model	[4] Frisk 2003 cites Fernandez 1992	Table 1, p. 2, row 5 report
Entropy printed: S298	12 J/mol-atom/K	298.15	TiC alloy: Ti 0.5	model	[4] Frisk 2003 cites Jonsson 1996	Table 1, p. 2, row 1 report

Crystal structure (50)

Crystal structure, C–Ti system
Property	Value	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location
Lattice a	4.326 Å	83	TiC1-x	unspecified	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 85Vil	Table 3, p. 4, row 30 report
Lattice a	4.326 Å	83	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 85Vil	Table 3, p. 5, row 2 report
Lattice a printed: a	4.33 Å	277.15	TiC alloy: Ti 0.5	model	[5] Saeki 2020	Table 1, p. 4, row 1 report
Lattice a	4.323 Å	298.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Ordan'yan 1975	Table 3, p. 4, row 35 report
Lattice a	4.323 Å	298.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Ordan'yan 1975	Table 3, p. 5, row 7 report
Lattice a	4.332 Å	298.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Ordan'yan 1975	Table 3, p. 4, row 33 report
Lattice a	4.33 Å	298.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Ordan'yan 1975	Table 3, p. 5, row 6 report
Lattice a	4.306 Å	298.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 85Vil	Table 3, p. 5, row 3 report
Lattice a	4.3225 Å	298.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Ordan'yan 1975	Table 3, p. 4, row 56 report
Lattice a	4.332 Å	298.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Ordan'yan 1975	Table 3, p. 5, row 5 report
Lattice a	4.3225 Å	298.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Ordan'yan 1975	Table 3, p. 5, row 28 report
Lattice a	4.33 Å	298.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Ordan'yan 1975	Table 3, p. 4, row 57 report
Lattice a	4.327 Å	298.15	TiC1-x	unspecified	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 85Vil	Table 3, p. 4, row 32 report
Lattice a	4.327 Å	298.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 85Vil	Table 3, p. 5, row 4 report
Lattice a	4.306 Å	298.15	TiC1-x	unspecified	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 85Vil	Table 3, p. 4, row 31 report
Lattice a	4.3292 Å	299	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 85Vil	Table 3, p. 5, row 1 report
Lattice a	4.3292 Å	299	TiC1-x	unspecified	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 85Vil	Table 3, p. 4, row 29 report
Lattice a	4.328 Å	1773.15	TiC1-x	unspecified	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Aivazov 1975	Table 3, p. 4, row 58 report
Lattice a	4.333 Å	1773.15	TiC1-x	unspecified	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Aivazov 1975	Table 3, p. 4, row 59 report
Lattice a	4.322 Å	1773.15	TiC1-x	unspecified	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Aivazov 1975	Table 3, p. 4, row 60 report
Lattice a	4.333 Å	1773.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Aivazov 1975	Table 3, p. 5, row 31 report
Lattice a	4.324 Å	1773.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Aivazov 1975	Table 3, p. 5, row 33 report
Lattice a	4.328 Å	1773.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Aivazov 1975	Table 3, p. 5, row 30 report
Lattice a	4.324 Å	1773.15	TiC1-x	unspecified	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Aivazov 1975	Table 3, p. 4, row 61 report
Lattice a	4.322 Å	1773.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Aivazov 1975	Table 3, p. 5, row 32 report
Lattice a	4.3166 Å	1823.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Du 1993	Table 3, p. 5, row 9 report
Lattice a	4.3136 Å	1823.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Du 1993	Table 3, p. 5, row 12 report
Lattice a	4.3209 Å	1823.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Du 1993	Table 3, p. 5, row 11 report
Lattice a	4.3112 Å	1823.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Du 1993	Table 3, p. 5, row 8 report
Lattice a	4.3226 Å	1823.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Du 1993	Table 3, p. 5, row 14 report
Lattice a	4.3207 Å	1823.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Du 1993	Table 3, p. 5, row 13 report
Lattice a	4.3192 Å	1823.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Du 1993	Table 3, p. 5, row 10 report
Lattice a	4.309 Å	2646.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 66Rud	Table 3, p. 5, row 20 report
Lattice a	4.308 Å	2733.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 66Rud	Table 3, p. 5, row 15 report
Lattice a	4.322 Å	2790.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 66Rud	Table 3, p. 5, row 24 report
Lattice a	4.31 Å	2791.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 66Rud	Table 3, p. 5, row 17 report
Lattice a	4.329 Å	2898.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 66Rud	Table 3, p. 5, row 25 report
Lattice a	4.318 Å	2903.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 66Rud	Table 3, p. 5, row 18 report
Lattice a	4.321 Å	2915.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 66Rud	Table 3, p. 5, row 16 report
Lattice a	4.329 Å	2934.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 66Rud	Table 3, p. 5, row 19 report
Lattice a	4.319 Å	3073.15	TiC1-x	unspecified	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 66Rud	Table 3, p. 4, row 49 report
Lattice a	4.319 Å	3073.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 66Rud	Table 3, p. 5, row 21 report
Lattice a	4.326 Å	3133.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 66Rud	Table 3, p. 5, row 22 report
Lattice a	4.326 Å	3133.15	TiC1-x	unspecified	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 66Rud	Table 3, p. 4, row 50 report
Lattice a	4.332 Å	3173.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Ordan'yan 1975	Table 3, p. 5, row 27 report
Lattice a	4.332 Å	3173.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Ordan'yan 1975	Table 3, p. 4, row 55 report
Lattice a	4.33 Å	3203.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Ordan'yan 1975	Table 3, p. 5, row 26 report
Lattice a	4.33 Å	3203.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites Ordan'yan 1975	Table 3, p. 4, row 54 report
Lattice a	4.33 Å	3265.15	TiC1-x	experimental	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 66Rud	Table 3, p. 5, row 23 report
Lattice a	4.33 Å	3265.15	TiC1-x	unspecified	[3] Duschanek 1995 cites ref. 66Rud	Table 3, p. 4, row 51 report

Sources

Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).

I. Ansara, A. T. Dinsdale, M. H. Rand (eds.), COST 507: Thermochemical database for light metal alloys, Volume 2, EUR 18499 EN, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg (1998), ISBN 92-828-3902-8.
H. J. Seifert, H. L. Lukas, G. Petzow, Thermodynamic optimization of the Ti-C system, JPE 17, 24-35 (1996). doi:10.1007/bf02648366
H. Duschanek, P. Rogl, H. L. Lukas, A critical assessment and thermodynamic calculation of the boron-carbon-titanium (B-C-Ti) ternary system, JPE 16, 46-60 (1995). doi:10.1007/bf02646248
Karin Frisk, A revised thermodynamic description of the Ti–C system, Calphad 27, 367-373 (2003). doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2004.01.004
Michitoshi Saeki, Takako Yamashita, Hiroshi Ohtani, Thermodynamic Study on Solubility Products of Ti4C2S2 in Fe Using First-Principles Calculations, ISIJ Int. 60, 745-755 (2020). doi:10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2019-274

Please cite

R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735569
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD) (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735891
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file. Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_hulls_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD)}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735891},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735891}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}