Ge–Ru phases

8 phases (tier A 4, tier C 2, liquid 1, needs_review 1); 6 stable in a calculated diagram. Structure types are assigned only when the stored evidence supports an assignment under the stated tier rules (tier A: standard phase name; tier B: unique Materials Project + OQMD on-hull match, DFT-supported; tier C: one structure stated by the assessment's crystallographic table, assessor-stated); other phases list candidates and are marked needs_review. Stability is from phase diagrams calculated with pycalphad from the SGTE binary collection (evidence class: model).

Data: interactive registry · full JSON · Ge–Ru system page · Markdown · field reference

Phases of the Ge–Ru system (8)
Phase	Structure	Basis	Stability (calculated)	Literature values	TDB models
DIAMOND_A4 phase:ge-ru:a4-diamond	C (diamond) · A4 · cF8 · Fd-3m (227)	tier A: standard phase name	stable in 1 of 1 calculated diagram(s): 300–1211.4 K, x(Ru) 0–0	2	1
BCC_A2 phase:ge-ru:bcc-a2	W · A2 · cI2 · Im-3m (229)	tier A: standard phase name	not stable in 1 calculated diagram(s)	0	1
FCC_A1 phase:ge-ru:fcc-a1	Cu · A1 · cF4 · Fm-3m (225)	tier A: standard phase name	not stable in 1 calculated diagram(s)	0	1
GE3RU2_ALPHA phase:ge-ru:ge3ru2-alpha	Ge3Ru2 · oP40 · Pbcn (60)	tier C: assessor-stated (Hallstedt 2025 crystallographic table)	stable in 1 of 1 calculated diagram(s): 300–859.97 K, x(Ru) 0.4–0.4	2	1
GE3RU2_BETA phase:ge-ru:ge3ru2-beta	Ru2Sn3 · tP20 · P-4c2 (116)	tier C: assessor-stated (Hallstedt 2025 crystallographic table)	stable in 1 of 1 calculated diagram(s): 859.97–1822.35 K, x(Ru) 0.4–0.4	0	1
GERU phase:ge-ru:geru		needs_review	stable in 1 of 1 calculated diagram(s): 300–1768.35 K, x(Ru) 0.5–0.5	7	1
HCP_A3 phase:ge-ru:hcp-a3	Mg · A3 · hP2 · P6_3/mmc (194)	tier A: standard phase name	stable in 1 of 1 calculated diagram(s): 300–3999.78 K, x(Ru) 0.99852–1	3	1
LIQUID phase:ge-ru:liquid	liquid	liquid	stable in 1 of 1 calculated diagram(s): 1202.39–4000 K, x(Ru) 0–1	20	1

DIAMOND_A4 (Ge–Ru)

Id: phase:ge-ru:a4-diamond; status assigned
Structure: C (diamond) · A4 · cF8 · Fd-3m (227); type st:a4-c-diamond-cf8; tier A: standard phase name; confidence high
Stoichiometry: Ge 1.0000
Stability: stable in 1 of 1 calculated diagram(s): 300–1211.4 K, x(Ru) 0–0
Literature: 2 values (2 accepted) from 1 papers
Interactive: phase registry entry

Names (4): corpus: corpus:phase:ge-ru:a4-diamond, corpus:phase:ge-ru:diamond-a4
paper: paper:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079:Diamond (Ge)
tdb: tdb:GeRu-09Lon.tdb:DIAMOND_A4

TDB models of DIAMOND_A4 (1): PHASE and CONSTITUENT statements as written

GeRu-09Lon.tdb: DIAMOND_A4, type code %, sha256 f71e50a0da5d0d63…

44: PHASE DIAMOND_A4 % 1 1 !
45: CONST DIAMOND_A4 : GE : !

Example references (2 of 2; assessments first):

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079 Z.H. Long, H.S. Liu, Z.P. Jin, Thermodynamic description of Ru–Ge–Si ternary system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 479, 262-267 (2009).
assessment that models this phase; reports values for this phase
doi:10.1007/bf02665783 L. Perring, P. Feschotte, J. C. Gachon, The germanium-ruthenium system, JPE 17, 101-106 (1996).
cited as the source of values for this phase

BCC_A2 (Ge–Ru)

Id: phase:ge-ru:bcc-a2; status assigned
Structure: W · A2 · cI2 · Im-3m (229); type st:a2-w-ci2; tier A: standard phase name; confidence high
Stability: not stable in 1 calculated diagram(s)
Literature: 0 values (0 accepted) from 0 papers
Interactive: phase registry entry

Names (2): corpus: corpus:phase:ge-ru:bcc-a2
tdb: tdb:GeRu-09Lon.tdb:BCC_A2

TDB models of BCC_A2 (1): PHASE and CONSTITUENT statements as written

GeRu-09Lon.tdb: BCC_A2, type code %B, sha256 f71e50a0da5d0d63…

34: PHASE BCC_A2 %B 2 1 3 !
35: CONST BCC_A2 : GE RU : VA : !

Example references (1 of 1; assessments first):

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079 Z.H. Long, H.S. Liu, Z.P. Jin, Thermodynamic description of Ru–Ge–Si ternary system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 479, 262-267 (2009).
assessment that models this phase

FCC_A1 (Ge–Ru)

Id: phase:ge-ru:fcc-a1; status assigned
Structure: Cu · A1 · cF4 · Fm-3m (225); type st:a1-cu-cf4; tier A: standard phase name; confidence high
Stability: not stable in 1 calculated diagram(s)
Literature: 0 values (0 accepted) from 0 papers
Interactive: phase registry entry

Names (2): corpus: corpus:phase:ge-ru:fcc-a1
tdb: tdb:GeRu-09Lon.tdb:FCC_A1

TDB models of FCC_A1 (1): PHASE and CONSTITUENT statements as written

GeRu-09Lon.tdb: FCC_A1, type code %A, sha256 f71e50a0da5d0d63…

29: PHASE FCC_A1 %A 2 1 1 !
30: CONST FCC_A1 : GE RU : VA : !

Example references (1 of 1; assessments first):

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079 Z.H. Long, H.S. Liu, Z.P. Jin, Thermodynamic description of Ru–Ge–Si ternary system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 479, 262-267 (2009).
assessment that models this phase

GE3RU2_ALPHA (Ge–Ru)

Id: phase:ge-ru:ge3ru2-alpha; status assigned
Structure: Ge3Ru2 · oP40 · Pbcn (60); type st:ge3ru2-op40; tier C: assessor-stated (Hallstedt 2025 crystallographic table); confidence assessor-stated
Structure source: B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, supplementary crystallographic table (mmc2) doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833
Caveat: not certain from the name or DFT alone (no_structure_token, polymorph_family:other phases of this system have the same composition); structure as stated in the SGTE crystallographic table for this phase name and system
Stoichiometry: Ge 0.6000, Ru 0.4000
Stability: stable in 1 of 1 calculated diagram(s): 300–859.97 K, x(Ru) 0.4–0.4
Literature: 2 values (2 accepted) from 1 papers
Interactive: phase registry entry

Names (3): corpus: corpus:phase:ge-ru:ge3ru2-alpha
paper: paper:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079:αRu2Ge3
tdb: tdb:GeRu-09Lon.tdb:GE3RU2_ALPHA

TDB models of GE3RU2_ALPHA (1): PHASE and CONSTITUENT statements as written

GeRu-09Lon.tdb: GE3RU2_ALPHA, type code %, sha256 f71e50a0da5d0d63…

49: PHASE GE3RU2_ALPHA % 2 3 2 !
50: CONST GE3RU2_ALPHA : GE : RU : !

Example references (2 of 2; assessments first):

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079 Z.H. Long, H.S. Liu, Z.P. Jin, Thermodynamic description of Ru–Ge–Si ternary system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 479, 262-267 (2009).
assessment that models this phase; reports values for this phase
doi:10.1006/jssc.1997.7508 J.J. Kuntz, L. Perring, P. Feschotte, J.C. Gachon, Heat Capacity and Heat Content Measurements on Binary Compounds in the Ru–Si, Ru–Ge, and Ru–Sn Systems, Journal of Solid State Chemistry 133, 439-444 (1997).
cited as the source of values for this phase

GE3RU2_BETA (Ge–Ru)

Id: phase:ge-ru:ge3ru2-beta; status assigned
Structure: Ru2Sn3 · tP20 · P-4c2 (116); type st:ru2sn3-tp20; tier C: assessor-stated (Hallstedt 2025 crystallographic table); confidence assessor-stated
Structure source: B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, supplementary crystallographic table (mmc2) doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833
Caveat: not certain from the name or DFT alone (no_structure_token, polymorph_family:other phases of this system have the same composition); structure as stated in the SGTE crystallographic table for this phase name and system
Stoichiometry: Ge 0.6000, Ru 0.4000
Stability: stable in 1 of 1 calculated diagram(s): 859.97–1822.35 K, x(Ru) 0.4–0.4
Literature: 0 values (0 accepted) from 0 papers
Interactive: phase registry entry

Names (2): corpus: corpus:phase:ge-ru:ge3ru2-beta
tdb: tdb:GeRu-09Lon.tdb:GE3RU2_BETA

TDB models of GE3RU2_BETA (1): PHASE and CONSTITUENT statements as written

GeRu-09Lon.tdb: GE3RU2_BETA, type code %, sha256 f71e50a0da5d0d63…

54: PHASE GE3RU2_BETA % 2 3 2 !
55: CONST GE3RU2_BETA : GE : RU : !

Example references (1 of 1; assessments first):

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079 Z.H. Long, H.S. Liu, Z.P. Jin, Thermodynamic description of Ru–Ge–Si ternary system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 479, 262-267 (2009).
assessment that models this phase

GERU (Ge–Ru)

Id: phase:ge-ru:geru; status needs_review
No structure assigned. Why: no_on_hull_entry_in_both; no_structure_token; sgte_mmc2_rows_disagree
Candidate (literature_printed): CsCl · cP2 — printed with a label mapped to this phase
Candidate (sgte_mmc2): CsCl · B2 · cP2 · Pm-3m (221) — Hallstedt 2025 mmc2 row for GERU: GeRu (high T, see also FeSi)
Candidate (sgte_mmc2): FeSi · B20 · cP8 · P2_13 (198) — Hallstedt 2025 mmc2 row for GERU: GeRu (low T, see also CsCl)
Candidate (tdb_comment): FeSi · cP8 · P2_13 — GeRu-09Lon.tdb: 'Prototype FeSi (cP8, P2_13), low T'
Stoichiometry: Ge 0.5000, Ru 0.5000
Stability: stable in 1 of 1 calculated diagram(s): 300–1768.35 K, x(Ru) 0.5–0.5
Literature: 7 values (7 accepted) from 1 papers
Interactive: phase registry entry

Names (3): corpus: corpus:phase:ge-ru:geru
paper: paper:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079:RuGe
tdb: tdb:GeRu-09Lon.tdb:GERU

TDB models of GERU (1): PHASE and CONSTITUENT statements as written

GeRu-09Lon.tdb: GERU, type code %, sha256 f71e50a0da5d0d63…

60: PHASE GERU % 2 1 1 !
61: CONST GERU : GE : RU : !

Example references (3 of 3; assessments first):

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079 Z.H. Long, H.S. Liu, Z.P. Jin, Thermodynamic description of Ru–Ge–Si ternary system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 479, 262-267 (2009).
assessment that models this phase; reports values for this phase
doi:10.1007/bf02665783 L. Perring, P. Feschotte, J. C. Gachon, The germanium-ruthenium system, JPE 17, 101-106 (1996).
cited as the source of values for this phase
doi:10.1361/105497198770341932 J. Charles, L. Perring, J. C. Gachon, Optimization of the binary Ge-Ru system, JPE 19, 449-454 (1998).
cited as the source of values for this phase

HCP_A3 (Ge–Ru)

Id: phase:ge-ru:hcp-a3; status assigned
Structure: Mg · A3 · hP2 · P6_3/mmc (194); type st:a3-mg-hp2; tier A: standard phase name; confidence high
Stability: stable in 1 of 1 calculated diagram(s): 300–3999.78 K, x(Ru) 0.99852–1
Literature: 3 values (3 accepted) from 1 papers
Interactive: phase registry entry

Names (3): corpus: corpus:phase:ge-ru:hcp-a3
paper: paper:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079:Hcp (Ru)
tdb: tdb:GeRu-09Lon.tdb:HCP_A3

TDB models of HCP_A3 (1): PHASE and CONSTITUENT statements as written

GeRu-09Lon.tdb: HCP_A3, type code %A, sha256 f71e50a0da5d0d63…

39: PHASE HCP_A3 %A 2 1 0.5 !
40: CONST HCP_A3 : GE RU% : VA : !

Example references (3 of 3; assessments first):

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079 Z.H. Long, H.S. Liu, Z.P. Jin, Thermodynamic description of Ru–Ge–Si ternary system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 479, 262-267 (2009).
assessment that models this phase; reports values for this phase
doi:10.1007/bf02665783 L. Perring, P. Feschotte, J. C. Gachon, The germanium-ruthenium system, JPE 17, 101-106 (1996).
cited as the source of values for this phase
doi:10.1361/105497198770341932 J. Charles, L. Perring, J. C. Gachon, Optimization of the binary Ge-Ru system, JPE 19, 449-454 (1998).
cited as the source of values for this phase

LIQUID (Ge–Ru)

Id: phase:ge-ru:liquid; status assigned
Structure: liquid; type st:liquid; liquid; confidence high
Stability: stable in 1 of 1 calculated diagram(s): 1202.39–4000 K, x(Ru) 0–1
Literature: 20 values (20 accepted) from 1 papers
Interactive: phase registry entry

Names (4): corpus: corpus:phase:ge-ru:liquid
paper: paper:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079:L, paper:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079:liquid
tdb: tdb:GeRu-09Lon.tdb:LIQUID

TDB models of LIQUID (1): PHASE and CONSTITUENT statements as written

GeRu-09Lon.tdb: LIQUID, type code %, sha256 f71e50a0da5d0d63…

24: PHASE LIQUID:L % 1 1 !
25: CONST LIQUID:L : GE RU : !

Example references (3 of 3; assessments first):

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079 Z.H. Long, H.S. Liu, Z.P. Jin, Thermodynamic description of Ru–Ge–Si ternary system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 479, 262-267 (2009).
assessment that models this phase; reports values for this phase
doi:10.1007/bf02665783 L. Perring, P. Feschotte, J. C. Gachon, The germanium-ruthenium system, JPE 17, 101-106 (1996).
cited as the source of values for this phase
doi:10.1361/105497198770341932 J. Charles, L. Perring, J. C. Gachon, Optimization of the binary Ge-Ru system, JPE 19, 449-454 (1998).
cited as the source of values for this phase

Please cite

R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Registry: phase registry of binary systems (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735970
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0); the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work). Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

@misc{orchid_phase_registry_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Registry: phase registry of binary systems}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735970},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735970},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}