Ge–Ru system

32 accepted literature values from 1 paper(s) (experimental 16, model 16); 1 calculated phase diagram(s).

Data: JSON · CSV · interactive explorer · interactive phase diagram · phases (8) · papers (bibliography) · Markdown

Accepted values by evidence class
Evidence class	Values
experimental	16
model	16

Accepted values by property group
Property group	Values
invariant reaction	13
phase transition	3
formation	7
mixing / partial	9

Calculated phase diagrams

Binary phase diagrams calculated with pycalphad 0.11.2 from the SGTE binary collection (Hallstedt 2025, CC BY 4.0). Evidence class: model.

Assessments with a calculated phase diagram
TDB file	Assessment	SHA-256	Links
GeRu-09Lon.tdb	Z.H. Long, H.S. Liu, Z.P. Jin, J. Alloys Compd., 479, 262-67(2009). doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079	`f71e50a0da5d0d634cf2f66570fe84e9eb0ae638410f9368c38811006ee8531b`	viewer · TDB · JSON

Calculated three-phase invariants (model, mole fraction of the second component)
TDB file	T (K)	Phases at the invariant
GeRu-09Lon.tdb	1768.35	GE3RU2_BETA (x(Ru) 0.4) + GERU (x(Ru) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Ru) 0.53693)
GeRu-09Lon.tdb	1768.35	GE3RU2_BETA (x(Ru) 0.4) + GERU (x(Ru) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Ru) 0.53652)
GeRu-09Lon.tdb	1768.35	GE3RU2_BETA (x(Ru) 0.4) + GERU (x(Ru) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Ru) 0.53667)
GeRu-09Lon.tdb	1681.97	GERU (x(Ru) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Ru) 0.67661) + HCP_A3 (x(Ru) 0.99852)
GeRu-09Lon.tdb	1681.97	GERU (x(Ru) 0.5) + LIQUID (x(Ru) 0.67661) + HCP_A3 (x(Ru) 0.99852)
GeRu-09Lon.tdb	1202.39	DIAMOND_A4 (x(Ru) 0) + LIQUID (x(Ru) 0.02226) + GE3RU2_BETA (x(Ru) 0.4)
GeRu-09Lon.tdb	859.97	GE3RU2_BETA (x(Ru) 0.4) + GE3RU2_ALPHA (x(Ru) 0.4) + GERU (x(Ru) 0.5)
GeRu-09Lon.tdb	859.97	DIAMOND_A4 (x(Ru) 0) + GE3RU2_ALPHA (x(Ru) 0.4) + GE3RU2_BETA (x(Ru) 0.4)

Convex hulls: Materials Project DFT hull · OQMD DFT hull

Invariant reactions (literature)

Invariant reactions reported in the literature for the Ge–Ru system (13)
T (K)	Reaction / phases	Compositions (mole fraction)	Class	Source	Location
1824	congruent melting: L -> βRu2Ge3	L: Ge 0.6, Ru 0.4; βRu2Ge3: Ge 0.6, Ru 0.4	experimental	[1] Long 2009 cites Perring 1996 doi	Table 5, p. 5, row 10 report
1822	congruent melting: L -> βRu2Ge3	L: Ge 0.6, Ru 0.4; βRu2Ge3: Ge 0.6, Ru 0.4	model	[1] Long 2009	Table 5, p. 5, row 11 report
1780	eutectic: L -> βRu2Ge3 + RuGe	L: Ge 0.51; βRu2Ge3: Ge 0.6, Ru 0.4; RuGe: Ge 0.5, Ru 0.5	experimental	[1] Long 2009 cites Charles 1998 doi	Table 5, p. 5, row 5 report
1768	peritectic: L + βRu2Ge3 -> RuGe	L: Ge 0.47; βRu2Ge3: Ge 0.6, Ru 0.4; RuGe: Ge 0.5, Ru 0.5	model	[1] Long 2009	Table 5, p. 5, row 7 report
1761	eutectic: L -> βRu2Ge3 + RuGe	L: Ge 0.53; βRu2Ge3: Ge 0.6, Ru 0.4; RuGe: Ge 0.5, Ru 0.5	experimental	[1] Long 2009 cites Perring 1996 doi	Table 5, p. 5, row 4 report
1733	peritectic: L + RuGe -> βRu2Ge3	RuGe: Ge 0.5, Ru 0.5; βRu2Ge3: Ge 0.6, Ru 0.4	experimental	[1] Long 2009 cites Raub 1962	Table 5, p. 5, row 6 report
1682	eutectic: L -> Hcp (Ru) + RuGe	L: Ge 0.33; RuGe: Ge 0.5, Ru 0.5	model	[1] Long 2009	Table 5, p. 5, row 3 report
1682	eutectic: L -> Hcp (Ru) + RuGe	L: Ge 0.35; RuGe: Ge 0.5, Ru 0.5	experimental	[1] Long 2009 cites Charles 1998 doi	Table 5, p. 5, row 2 report
1679	eutectic: L -> Hcp (Ru) + RuGe	L: Ge 0.37; RuGe: Ge 0.5, Ru 0.5	experimental	[1] Long 2009 cites Perring 1996 doi	Table 5, p. 5, row 1 report
1202	eutectic: L -> βRu2Ge3 + Diamond (Ge)	L: Ge 0.98; βRu2Ge3: Ge 0.6, Ru 0.4	model	[1] Long 2009	Table 5, p. 5, row 9 report
1199	eutectic: L -> βRu2Ge3 + Diamond (Ge)	L: Ge 0.99; βRu2Ge3: Ge 0.6, Ru 0.4	experimental	[1] Long 2009 cites Perring 1996 doi	Table 5, p. 5, row 8 report
860	polymorphic: βRu2Ge3 -> αRu2Ge3	βRu2Ge3: Ge 0.6, Ru 0.4; αRu2Ge3: Ge 0.6, Ru 0.4	model	[1] Long 2009	Table 5, p. 5, row 13 report
860	polymorphic: βRu2Ge3 -> αRu2Ge3	βRu2Ge3: Ge 0.6, Ru 0.4; αRu2Ge3: Ge 0.6, Ru 0.4	experimental	[1] Long 2009 cites Kuntz 1997 doi	Table 5, p. 5, row 12 report

Formation enthalpies

Literature values in kJ/mol-atom where the per-atom basis is known. DFT columns: the lowest-energy entry at the same composition (Materials Project 2026.04.13, OQMD v1.8; different energy references, never averaged), from dft_parity.json.

Enthalpies of formation, Ge–Ru system (7)
Phase	Compound	Value	T (K)	Class	MP DFT (kJ/mol-atom)	OQMD DFT (kJ/mol-atom)	Source	Location
Ru2Ge3	Ge3Ru2	-35.645 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model	-34.036 (mp-aaaabgmb)	-33.635 (oqmd-33106)	[1] Long 2009	Table 4, p. 3, row 7 report
Ru2Ge3	Ge3Ru2	-35.5 kJ/mol-atom ± 4	298.15	experimental	-34.036 (mp-aaaabgmb)	-33.635 (oqmd-33106)	[1] Long 2009 cites Jung 1991 doi	Table 4, p. 3, row 5 report
Ru2Ge3	Ge3Ru2	-34.8 kJ/mol-atom ± 1	1173	experimental	-34.036 (mp-aaaabgmb)	-33.635 (oqmd-33106)	[1] Long 2009 cites Ciccioli 1998 doi	Table 4, p. 3, row 6 report
RuGe	GeRu	-31.241 kJ/mol-atom	298.15	model	-27.283 (mp-aaacgiwj)	-26.89 (oqmd-683580)	[1] Long 2009	Table 4, p. 3, row 4 report
RuGe	GeRu	-31.2 kJ/mol-atom ± 3.3	298.15	experimental	-27.283 (mp-aaacgiwj)	-26.89 (oqmd-683580)	[1] Long 2009 cites Jung 1991 doi	Table 4, p. 3, row 1 report
RuGe	GeRu	-28.7 kJ/mol-atom ± 1.3	1173	experimental	-27.283 (mp-aaacgiwj)	-26.89 (oqmd-683580)	[1] Long 2009 cites Ciccioli 1998 doi	Table 4, p. 3, row 3 report
RuGe	GeRu	-28.4 kJ/mol-atom	1473	experimental	-27.283 (mp-aaacgiwj)	-26.89 (oqmd-683580)	[1] Long 2009 cites Kuntz 1997 doi	Table 4, p. 3, row 2 report

Other properties

Phase transition (3)

Phase transition, Ge–Ru system
Property	Value	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location	Quote
Phase transition	860 K	860	polymorphic	experimental	[1] Long 2009 cites Kuntz 1997 doi	p. 1 report	An abrupt change of heat capacities for Ru2 Ge3 was detected at about 860 K [8], indicating an allotropic transformation.
Phase transition	1783 K	1783	congruent transformation	experimental	[1] Long 2009 cites Perring 1996 doi	p. 1 report	In light of Ref. [7], RuGe and Ru2 Ge3 melted congruently at 1783 K and 1824 K, respectively with a eutectic reaction taking place at 53 ± 1 at.% Ge and 1761 ± 3 K.
Phase transition	1824 K	1824	congruent transformation	experimental	[1] Long 2009 cites Perring 1996 doi	p. 1 report	In light of Ref. [7], RuGe and Ru2 Ge3 melted congruently at 1783 K and 1824 K, respectively with a eutectic reaction taking place at 53 ± 1 at.% Ge and 1761 ± 3 K.

Mixing / partial (9)

Mixing / partial, Ge–Ru system
Property	Value	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location
Enthalpy of mixing printed: ΔHmix	-4.126 kJ/mol-atom	liquid alloy: Ge 0.2, Ru 0.8	model	[1] Long 2009	Table 2, p. 2, row 2 report
Enthalpy of mixing printed: ΔHmix	-2.143 kJ/mol-atom	liquid alloy: Ge 0.1, Ru 0.9	model	[1] Long 2009	Table 2, p. 2, row 1 report
Enthalpy of mixing printed: ΔHmix	-2.029 kJ/mol-atom	liquid alloy: Ge 0.9, Ru 0.1	model	[1] Long 2009	Table 2, p. 2, row 9 report
Enthalpy of mixing printed: ΔHmix	-6.958 kJ/mol-atom	liquid alloy: Ge 0.4, Ru 0.6	model	[1] Long 2009	Table 2, p. 2, row 4 report
Enthalpy of mixing printed: ΔHmix	-5.824 kJ/mol-atom	liquid alloy: Ge 0.3, Ru 0.7	model	[1] Long 2009	Table 2, p. 2, row 3 report
Enthalpy of mixing printed: ΔHmix	-3.915 kJ/mol-atom	liquid alloy: Ge 0.8, Ru 0.2	model	[1] Long 2009	Table 2, p. 2, row 8 report
Enthalpy of mixing printed: ΔHmix	-5.591 kJ/mol-atom	liquid alloy: Ge 0.7, Ru 0.3	model	[1] Long 2009	Table 2, p. 2, row 7 report
Enthalpy of mixing printed: ΔHmix	-6.806 kJ/mol-atom	liquid alloy: Ge 0.6, Ru 0.4	model	[1] Long 2009	Table 2, p. 2, row 6 report
Enthalpy of mixing printed: ΔHmix	-7.305 kJ/mol-atom	liquid alloy: Ge 0.5, Ru 0.5	model	[1] Long 2009	Table 2, p. 2, row 5 report

Sources

Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).

Z.H. Long, H.S. Liu, Z.P. Jin, Thermodynamic description of Ru–Ge–Si ternary system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 479, 262-267 (2009). doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.01.079

Please cite

R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735569
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735859
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD) (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735891
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0). Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_phase_diagrams_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735859},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735859}
}

@misc{orchid_hulls_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD)}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735891},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735891}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}