Bi–Ti system

30 accepted literature values from 2 paper(s) (experimental 8, model 12, DFT 6, unspecified 4); 2 calculated phase diagram(s). 5 further extracted value(s) not accepted by the reader-agreement checks are only in the JSON/CSV.

Data: JSON · CSV · interactive explorer · interactive phase diagram · phases (11) · papers (bibliography) · Markdown

Accepted values by evidence class
Evidence class	Values
experimental	8
model	12
DFT	6
unspecified	4

Accepted values by property group
Property group	Values
invariant reaction	14
formation	2
crystal structure	14

Calculated phase diagrams

Binary phase diagrams calculated with pycalphad 0.11.2 from the SGTE binary collection (Hallstedt 2025, CC BY 4.0). Evidence class: model.

Assessments with a calculated phase diagram
TDB file	Assessment	SHA-256	Links
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	Z. Cao, J. Xin, C. Chen, S. Liu, B. Hu, C. Tang, Y. Du, J. Mining Metall. B, 49, 307-13(2013). doi:10.2298/JMMB130127033C	`00f08d653a2c924af4480bb3d8157178cddcfab2c0e0518f5bfaf7c05ed69661`	viewer · TDB · JSON
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	L.H. Huang, Q. Chen, Y. He, X.M. Tao, G.M. Cai, H.S. Liu, Z.P. Jin, Calphad, 46, 34-41(2014). doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2014.01.001	`6b2fb177d2031c505282e92d10682636816c30c93d4b6f5691bc54bf98929a9b`	viewer · TDB · JSON

Calculated three-phase invariants (model, mole fraction of the second component)
TDB file	T (K)	Phases at the invariant
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	1609.19	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.74539) + BITI3 (x(Ti) 0.75) + BCC_A2 (x(Ti) 0.89524)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	1609.19	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.74548) + BITI3 (x(Ti) 0.75) + BCC_A2 (x(Ti) 0.89532)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	1562.61	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.60276) + BITI2 (x(Ti) 0.66667) + BITI3 (x(Ti) 0.75)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	1562.61	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.60262) + BITI2 (x(Ti) 0.66667) + BITI3 (x(Ti) 0.75)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	1562.61	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.60324) + BITI2 (x(Ti) 0.66667) + BITI3 (x(Ti) 0.75)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	1270.95	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.25049) + BI9TI8 (x(Ti) 0.47059) + BITI2 (x(Ti) 0.66667)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	1270.95	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.25028) + BI9TI8 (x(Ti) 0.47059) + BITI2 (x(Ti) 0.66667)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	1270.95	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.25075) + BI9TI8 (x(Ti) 0.47059) + BITI2 (x(Ti) 0.66667)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	1090.32	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.06574) + BI3TI2 (x(Ti) 0.4) + BI9TI8 (x(Ti) 0.47059)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	1090.32	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.06567) + BI3TI2 (x(Ti) 0.4) + BI9TI8 (x(Ti) 0.47059)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	1090.32	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.06583) + BI3TI2 (x(Ti) 0.4) + BI9TI8 (x(Ti) 0.47059)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	992.62	BITI3 (x(Ti) 0.75) + BCC_A2 (x(Ti) 0.93969) + HCP_A3 (x(Ti) 0.99637)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	992.62	BITI3 (x(Ti) 0.75) + BCC_A2 (x(Ti) 0.93972) + HCP_A3 (x(Ti) 0.99637)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	960.59	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.02393) + BI2TI (x(Ti) 0.33333) + BI3TI2 (x(Ti) 0.4)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	960.59	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.02389) + BI2TI (x(Ti) 0.33333) + BI3TI2 (x(Ti) 0.4)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	960.59	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.02399) + BI2TI (x(Ti) 0.33333) + BI3TI2 (x(Ti) 0.4)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	544.53	RHOMBOHEDRAL_A7 (x(Ti) 0) + LIQUID (x(Ti) 8.000e-5) + BI2TI (x(Ti) 0.33333)
BiTi-13Cao.tdb	544.53	RHOMBOHEDRAL_A7 (x(Ti) 0) + LIQUID (x(Ti) 8.000e-5) + BI2TI (x(Ti) 0.33333)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	1629.43	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.73593) + BITI3 (x(Ti) 0.75) + BCC_A2 (x(Ti) 0.90882)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	1629.43	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.73597) + BITI3 (x(Ti) 0.75) + BCC_A2 (x(Ti) 0.90886)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	1437.84	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.56315) + BITI2 (x(Ti) 0.66667) + BITI3 (x(Ti) 0.75)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	1437.83	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.56291) + BITI2 (x(Ti) 0.66667) + BITI3 (x(Ti) 0.75)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	1437.83	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.5629) + BITI2 (x(Ti) 0.66667) + BITI3 (x(Ti) 0.75)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	1249.02	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.42727) + BI2TI3 (x(Ti) 0.6) + BITI2 (x(Ti) 0.66667)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	1249.02	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.42729) + BI2TI3 (x(Ti) 0.6) + BITI2 (x(Ti) 0.66667)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	1249.02	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.42716) + BI2TI3 (x(Ti) 0.6) + BITI2 (x(Ti) 0.66667)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	1204.49	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.38338) + BI9TI8 (x(Ti) 0.47059) + BI2TI3 (x(Ti) 0.6)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	1204.49	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.38352) + BI9TI8 (x(Ti) 0.47059) + BI2TI3 (x(Ti) 0.6)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	1204.49	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.38336) + BI9TI8 (x(Ti) 0.47059) + BI2TI3 (x(Ti) 0.6)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	993.13	BITI3 (x(Ti) 0.75) + BCC_A2 (x(Ti) 0.93769) + HCP_A3 (x(Ti) 0.99537)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	993.13	BITI3 (x(Ti) 0.75) + BCC_A2 (x(Ti) 0.93773) + HCP_A3 (x(Ti) 0.99537)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	698.51	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.00136) + BI2TI (x(Ti) 0.33333) + BI9TI8 (x(Ti) 0.47059)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	698.51	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.00136) + BI2TI (x(Ti) 0.33333) + BI9TI8 (x(Ti) 0.47059)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	698.51	LIQUID (x(Ti) 0.00136) + BI2TI (x(Ti) 0.33333) + BI9TI8 (x(Ti) 0.47059)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	544.54	RHOMBOHEDRAL_A7 (x(Ti) 0) + LIQUID (x(Ti) 4.000e-5) + BI2TI (x(Ti) 0.33333)
BiTi-14Hua.tdb	544.54	RHOMBOHEDRAL_A7 (x(Ti) 0) + LIQUID (x(Ti) 4.000e-5) + BI2TI (x(Ti) 0.33333)

Convex hulls: Materials Project DFT hull · OQMD DFT hull · CALPHAD hull BiTi-13Cao

Invariant reactions (literature)

Invariant reactions reported in the literature for the Bi–Ti system (14)
T (K)	Reaction / phases	Compositions (mole fraction)	Class	Source	Location
1616	L + (βTi) = BiTi3	BiTi3: Ti 0.75	model	[1] Huang 2014	Table 5, p. 5, row 2 report
1613	L + (βTi) = BiTi3	BiTi3: Ti 0.75	experimental	[1] Huang 2014 cites Obinata 1960	Table 5, p. 5, row 1 report
1433	L + BiTi3 = BiTi2	BiTi3: Ti 0.75; BiTi2: Ti 0.666667	model	[1] Huang 2014	Table 5, p. 5, row 6 report
1247	L + BiTi2 = Bi2Ti3	BiTi2: Ti 0.666667; Bi2Ti3: Ti 0.6	model	[1] Huang 2014	Table 5, p. 5, row 8 report
1243	L + BiTi2 = Bi2Ti3	BiTi2: Ti 0.666667; Bi2Ti3: Ti 0.6	experimental	[1] Huang 2014 cites Maruyama 2013 doi	Table 5, p. 5, row 7 report
1203	L + Bi2Ti3 = Bi9Ti8	Bi2Ti3: Ti 0.6; Bi9Ti8: Ti 0.470588	model	[1] Huang 2014	Table 5, p. 5, row 10 report
1203	L + Bi2Ti3 = Bi9Ti8	Bi2Ti3: Ti 0.6; Bi9Ti8: Ti 0.470588	experimental	[1] Huang 2014 cites Maruyama 2013 doi	Table 5, p. 5, row 9 report
998	(βTi) = (αTi) + BiTi3	BiTi3: Ti 0.75	experimental	[1] Huang 2014 cites Obinata 1960	Table 5, p. 5, row 3 report
993	(βTi) = (αTi) + BiTi3	BiTi3: Ti 0.75	model	[1] Huang 2014	Table 5, p. 5, row 4 report
698.5	L + Bi9Ti8 = Bi2Ti	Bi9Ti8: Ti 0.470588; Bi2Ti: Ti 0.333333	model	[1] Huang 2014	Table 5, p. 5, row 12 report
698	L + Bi9Ti8 = Bi2Ti	Bi9Ti8: Ti 0.470588; Bi2Ti: Ti 0.333333	experimental	[1] Huang 2014 cites Maruyama 2013 doi	Table 5, p. 5, row 11 report
544.55	Liquid=Bi2Ti+(Bi)	Liquid: Bi 0.999; Bi2Ti: Bi 0.667; (Bi): Bi 1	model	[2] Cao 2013	Table 3, p. 5, row 2 report
544	L + Bi2Ti = (Bi)	Bi2Ti: Ti 0.333333; (Bi): Ti 0	experimental	[1] Huang 2014 cites Maruyama 2013 doi	Table 5, p. 5, row 13 report
544	L + Bi2Ti = (Bi)	Bi2Ti: Ti 0.333333; (Bi): Ti 0	model	[1] Huang 2014	Table 5, p. 5, row 14 report

Formation enthalpies

Literature values in kJ/mol-atom where the per-atom basis is known. DFT columns: the lowest-energy entry at the same composition (Materials Project 2026.04.13, OQMD v1.8; different energy references, never averaged), from dft_parity.json.

Enthalpies of formation, Bi–Ti system (2)
Phase	Compound	Value	T (K)	Class	MP DFT (kJ/mol-atom)	OQMD DFT (kJ/mol-atom)	Source	Location	Quote
Bi9Ti8		-16.71 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0	DFT			[1] Huang 2014	Table 4, p. 5, row 4 report
BiTi2		-12.5 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	0	DFT			[1] Huang 2014	Table 4, p. 5, row 2 report

Other properties

Crystal structure (14)

Crystal structure, Bi–Ti system
Property	Value	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location
Lattice a printed: a	10.277 Å	0	Bi9Ti8 alloy: Ti 0.470588	model	[1] Huang 2014 cites Richter 1997	Table 4, p. 5, row 3 report
Lattice a printed: a	10.294 Å	0	Bi9Ti8 alloy: Ti 0.470588	DFT	[1] Huang 2014	Table 4, p. 5, row 4 report
Lattice a printed: a	4.04 Å	0	BiTi2 alloy: Ti 0.666667	model	[1] Huang 2014 cites Richter 1997	Table 4, p. 5, row 1 report
Lattice a printed: a	4.219 Å	0	BiTi2 alloy: Ti 0.666667	DFT	[1] Huang 2014	Table 4, p. 5, row 2 report
Lattice a	10.277 Å	1270.95 (<)	Bi9Ti8 alloy: Ti 0.470588	unspecified	[2] Cao 2013 cites http://crystdb	Table 1, p. 2, row 8 report
Lattice a	4.08 Å	1562.65 (<)	BiTi2 alloy: Ti 0.666667	unspecified	[2] Cao 2013 cites http://crystdb	Table 1, p. 2, row 7 report
Lattice a	6.02 Å	1609.15 (<)	BiTi3 alloy: Ti 0.75	experimental	[2] Cao 2013 cites Obinata 1960	Table 1, p. 2, row 6 report
Lattice c printed: c	7.375 Å	0	Bi9Ti8 alloy: Ti 0.470588	model	[1] Huang 2014 cites Richter 1997	Table 4, p. 5, row 3 report
Lattice c printed: c	7.442 Å	0	Bi9Ti8 alloy: Ti 0.470588	DFT	[1] Huang 2014	Table 4, p. 5, row 4 report
Lattice c printed: c	14.5 Å	0	BiTi2 alloy: Ti 0.666667	model	[1] Huang 2014 cites Richter 1997	Table 4, p. 5, row 1 report
Lattice c printed: c	14.056 Å	0	BiTi2 alloy: Ti 0.666667	DFT	[1] Huang 2014	Table 4, p. 5, row 2 report
Lattice c	7.375 Å	1270.95 (<)	Bi9Ti8 alloy: Ti 0.470588	unspecified	[2] Cao 2013 cites http://crystdb	Table 1, p. 2, row 8 report
Lattice c	14.57 Å	1562.65 (<)	BiTi2 alloy: Ti 0.666667	unspecified	[2] Cao 2013 cites http://crystdb	Table 1, p. 2, row 7 report
Lattice c	8.204 Å	1609.15 (<)	BiTi3 alloy: Ti 0.75	experimental	[2] Cao 2013 cites Obinata 1960	Table 1, p. 2, row 6 report

Sources

Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).

L.H. Huang, Q. Chen, Y. He, X.M. Tao, G.M. Cai, H.S. Liu et al., Thermodynamic modeling of Fe–Ti–Bi system assisted with key experiments, Calphad 46, 34-41 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2014.01.001
Z. Cao, J. Xin, C. Chen, S. Liu, B. Hu, C. Tang et al., Thermodynamic modeling of the Bi-M (M = Ti, Cr, V) systems, J min metall B Metall 49, 307-313 (2013). doi:10.2298/jmmb130127033c

Please cite

R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735569
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735859
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD) (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735891
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0). Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_phase_diagrams_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735859},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735859}
}

@misc{orchid_hulls_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD)}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735891},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735891}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}