Cu system

49 accepted literature values from 11 paper(s) (experimental 43, DFT 2, unspecified 4); 0 calculated phase diagram(s).

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Accepted values by evidence class
Evidence class	Values
experimental	43
DFT	2
unspecified	4

Accepted values by property group
Property group	Values
formation	2
mixing / partial	5
heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy	1
activity / EMF / Gibbs energy	34
crystal structure	7

Formation enthalpies

Literature values in kJ/mol-atom where the per-atom basis is known. DFT columns: the lowest-energy entry at the same composition (Materials Project 2026.04.13, OQMD v1.8; different energy references, never averaged), from dft_parity.json.

Enthalpies of formation, Cu system (2)
Phase	Compound	Value	T (K)	Class	MP DFT (kJ/mol-atom)	OQMD DFT (kJ/mol-atom)	Source	Location	Quote
Cu-fcc		0 kJ/mol-atom	0	DFT			[1] Zhou 2007	Table 1, p. 4, row 1 report
fcc-Cu		0 kJ/mol-atom	0	DFT			[2] Zhou 2010	Table 2, p. 3, row 1 report

Other properties

Mixing / partial (5)

Mixing / partial, Cu system
Property	Value	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location
Enthalpy of mixing printed: ΔH	0 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	1673	liquid alloy: Cu 1	experimental	[3] Turchanin 2003	Table 1, p. 3, row 1 report
Enthalpy of mixing printed: ΔHE	0 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	1810.15	liquid alloy: Cu 1	experimental	[4] Kubišta 2000	Table 4, p. 4, row 11 report
Enthalpy of mixing printed: ΔH	0 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	1873	liquid alloy: Cu 1	experimental	[3] Turchanin 2003	Table 1, p. 3, row 4 report
Entropy of mixing printed: ΔSE	0 J/mol (basis unstated)/K	1810.15	liquid alloy: Cu 1	experimental	[4] Kubišta 2000	Table 4, p. 4, row 11 report
Gibbs energy of mixing printed: ΔGE	0 kJ/mol (basis unstated)	1810.15	liquid alloy: Cu 1	experimental	[4] Kubišta 2000	Table 4, p. 4, row 11 report

Heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy (1)

Heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy, Cu system
Property	Value	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location	Quote
Entropy printed: Entropy of fusion (-B)	9.627 J/mol (basis unstated)/K		Cu (fcc)	unspecified	[5] Kao 1993 cites ref. 7	Table 1, p. 3, row 1 report

Activity / EMF / Gibbs energy (34)

Activity / EMF / Gibbs energy, Cu system
Property	Value	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 [printed: −76590]	-76590 J/mol	1373	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Fitzner 1978	Table 3, p. 9, row 35 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 at 1373 K [printed: −76200, −75820]	-76200 J/mol	1373	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Diaz 1967	Table 3, p. 9, row 10 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 at 1373 K [printed: −75400, −73550]	-75400 J/mol	1373	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Fitzner 1979 doi	Table 3, p. 9, row 37 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 at 1373 K [printed: −76130, −75000]	-76130 J/mol	1373	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites ref. 71Jac	Table 3, p. 9, row 23 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 at 1373 K [printed: −76900, −75960]	-76900 J/mol	1373	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Wilder 1966	Table 3, p. 9, row 9 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 at 1400 K [printed: −78380, −77920]	-78380 J/mol	1400	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites E Puchi 1979	Table 3, p. 9, row 39 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0	-78380 J/mol	1400	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites E Puchi 1979	Table 3, p. 10, row 14 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 [printed: −76650]	-76650 J/mol	1408	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Nanda 1970 doi	Table 3, p. 9, row 20 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 [printed: −76660]	-76660 J/mol	1418	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Rickert 1966 doi	Table 3, p. 9, row 8 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 [printed: −79570]	-79570 J/mol	1423	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Moser 1975	Table 3, p. 9, row 33 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 at 1423 K [printed: −85530, −85690]	-85530 J/mol	1423	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites M 1967	Table 3, p. 9, row 11 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 [printed: −75460]	-75460 J/mol	1423	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Fischer 1970 doi	Table 3, p. 9, row 19 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 [printed: −73640]	-73640 J/mol	1423	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Janke 1975	Table 3, p. 9, row 32 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 [printed: −77920]	-77920 J/mol	1423	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Pluschkell 1965	Table 3, p. 9, row 5 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0	-74600 J/mol	1473	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Sudavtsova 1979	Table 3, p. 10, row 2 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 at 1473 K [printed: −76200, −75820]	-75820 J/mol	1473	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Diaz 1967	Table 3, p. 9, row 10 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 at 1473 K [printed: −75400, −73550]	-73550 J/mol	1473	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Fitzner 1979 doi	Table 3, p. 9, row 37 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 [printed: −75940]	-75940 J/mol	1473	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites ref. 69Blo	Table 3, p. 9, row 16 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 [printed: −76360]	-76360 J/mol	1473	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Staffansson 1974	Table 3, p. 9, row 31 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 [printed: −75400]	-75400 J/mol	1473	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites ref. 83Aru	Table 3, p. 9, row 46 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0	-75400 J/mol	1473	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites ref. 83Aru	Table 3, p. 10, row 8 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 at 1473 K [printed: −76900, −75960]	-75960 J/mol	1473	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Wilder 1966	Table 3, p. 9, row 9 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 [printed: −74600]	-74600 J/mol	1473	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Sudavtsova 1979	Table 3, p. 9, row 40 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 at 1479 K [printed: −78380, −77920]	-77920 J/mol	1479	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites E Puchi 1979	Table 3, p. 9, row 39 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0	-77920 J/mol	1479	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites E Puchi 1979	Table 3, p. 10, row 15 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 at 1523 K [printed: −80940, −76620]	-80940 J/mol	1523	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Hendry 1974	Table 3, p. 9, row 30 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 at 1523 K [printed: −85530, −85690]	-85690 J/mol	1523	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites M 1967	Table 3, p. 9, row 11 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 [printed: −75240]	-75240 J/mol	1573	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Kemori 1980 doi	Table 3, p. 9, row 42 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 at 1573 K [printed: −76130, −75000]	-75000 J/mol	1573	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites ref. 71Jac	Table 3, p. 9, row 23 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0	-75240 J/mol	1573	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Kemori 1980 doi	Table 3, p. 10, row 4 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 at 1698 K [printed: −80940, −76620]	-76620 J/mol	1698	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Hendry 1974	Table 3, p. 9, row 30 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 at 1773 K [printed: −78150, −79080]	-78150 J/mol	1773	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Tankins 1965	Table 3, p. 9, row 6 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 at 1823 K [printed: −78150, −79080]	-79080 J/mol	1823	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Tankins 1965	Table 3, p. 9, row 6 report
Gibbs energy printed: ΔG0 [printed: −75160]	-75160 J/mol	1873	liquid Cu	experimental	[6] Hallstedt 1994 cites Fischer 1971	Table 3, p. 9, row 22 report

Crystal structure (7)

Crystal structure, Cu system
Property	Value	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location
Lattice a	3.6147 Å	291.15	(Cu) alloy: Cu 1	unspecified	[7] Chakrabarti 1987	Table 3, p. 3, row 1 report
Lattice a	3.615 Å	298.15	(Cu) alloy: Cu 1	unspecified	[8] Liu 2018	Table 2, p. 3, row 1 report
Lattice a	3.615 not_printed	298.15	Cu alloy: Cu 1	experimental	[9] Premović 2017 cites Owen 1933 doi	Table 1, p. 2, row 4 report
Lattice a	3.614 Å	298.15	Cu	unspecified	[10] An 2012	Table 2, p. 5, row 5 report
Lattice a	3.613 Å	298.15	FCC(Cu)	experimental	[11] Liu 2023 cites Suh 1988 doi	Table 1, p. 3, row 1 report
Lattice b	3.615 not_printed	298.15	Cu alloy: Cu 1	experimental	[9] Premović 2017 cites Owen 1933 doi	Table 1, p. 2, row 4 report
Lattice c	3.615 not_printed	298.15	Cu alloy: Cu 1	experimental	[9] Premović 2017 cites Owen 1933 doi	Table 1, p. 2, row 4 report

Sources

Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).

Shihuai Zhou, Yi Wang, Frank G. Shi, Ferdinand Sommer, Long-Qing Chen, Zi-Kui Liu et al., Modeling of Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Equilibria for the Cu-Mg Binary System, J Phs Eqil and Diff 28, 158-166 (2007). doi:10.1007/s11669-007-9022-0
S.H. Zhou, R.E. Napolitano, Phase stability for the Cu–Zr system: First-principles, experiments and solution-based modeling, Acta Materialia 58, 2186-2196 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2009.12.004
M. A. Turchanin, P. G. Agraval, I. V. Nikolaenko, Thermodynamics of alloys and phase equilibria in the copper-iron system, JPE 24, 307-319 (2003). doi:10.1361/105497103770330280
Jaroslav Kubišta, Jan Vřešt’ál, Thermodynamics of the liquid Co-Cu system and calculation of phase diagram, JPE 21, 125-129 (2000). doi:10.1361/105497100770340165
C. R. Kao, A. Bolccwage, S. -L. Chen, S. W. Chen, Y. A. Chang, A. D. Romig, Phase equilibria of the cu-in system II: Thermodynamic assessment and calculation of phase diagram, JPE 14, 22-30 (1993). doi:10.1007/bf02652158
B. Hallstedt, D. Risold, L. J. Gauckler, Thermodynamic assessment of the copper-oxygen system, JPE 15, 483-499 (1994). doi:10.1007/bf02649399
D. J. Chakrabarti, D. E. Laughlin, The Cu−Ir (Copper-Iridium) system, JPE 8, 132-136 (1987). doi:10.1007/bf02873198
Yuling Liu, Bo Sundman, Yong Du, Jiong Wang, Shuhong Liu, Wei Ping Gong et al., A stepwise thermodynamic modeling of the phase diagram for the Cu–Be system, J Mater Sci 53, 3756-3766 (2018). doi:10.1007/s10853-017-1777-z
Milena Premović, Yong Du, Fan Zhang, Bo Sundman, Duško Minić, Biao Hu, Phase equilibria in the ternary B-Ce-Cu system with a thermodynamic reassessment of the binary B-Ce system, Thermochimica Acta 657, 185-196 (2017). doi:10.1016/j.tca.2017.10.006
Xuehui An, Qian Li, Jieyu Zhang, Shuanglin Chen, Ying Yang, Phase equilibria of the La–Ni–Cu ternary system at 673 K: Thermodynamic modeling and experimental validation, Calphad 36, 8-15 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2011.10.004
Runlin Liu, Jiong Wang, Dongyu Cui, Thermodynamic Modeling of the Cu-Sb-Se System, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 44, 687-703 (2023). doi:10.1007/s11669-023-01074-8

Please cite

R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735569
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0). Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}