Ge–Sc system

70 accepted literature values from 1 paper(s) (experimental 30, model 11, DFT 14, unspecified 15); 1 calculated phase diagram(s). 14 further extracted value(s) not accepted by the reader-agreement checks are only in the JSON/CSV.

Data: JSON · CSV · interactive explorer · interactive phase diagram · phases (10) · papers (bibliography) · Markdown

Accepted values by evidence class
Evidence class	Values
experimental	30
model	11
DFT	14
unspecified	15

Accepted values by property group
Property group	Values
invariant reaction	21
phase transition	1
phase equilibrium	11
crystal structure	37

Calculated phase diagrams

Binary phase diagrams calculated with pycalphad 0.11.2 from the SGTE binary collection (Hallstedt 2025, CC BY 4.0). Evidence class: model.

Assessments with a calculated phase diagram
TDB file	Assessment	SHA-256	Links
GeSc-12Che.tdb	K. Cheng, B. Hu, Y, Du, H. Xu, Q. Gao, Calphad, 37, 18-24(2012). doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2011.12.010	`f12522f2b9e0e90d14412c78f5ec0c8bed3539ba9eaf50edf799369e797746e3`	viewer · TDB · JSON

Calculated three-phase invariants (model, mole fraction of the second component)
TDB file	T (K)	Phases at the invariant
GeSc-12Che.tdb	2142.83	LIQUID (x(Sc) 0.52064) + GE4SC5 (x(Sc) 0.55556) + GE3SC5_D88 (x(Sc) 0.625)
GeSc-12Che.tdb	2142.83	LIQUID (x(Sc) 0.5206) + GE4SC5 (x(Sc) 0.55556) + GE3SC5_D88 (x(Sc) 0.625)
GeSc-12Che.tdb	2142.83	LIQUID (x(Sc) 0.52066) + GE4SC5 (x(Sc) 0.55556) + GE3SC5_D88 (x(Sc) 0.625)
GeSc-12Che.tdb	1939.04	LIQUID (x(Sc) 0.44079) + GE10SC11 (x(Sc) 0.52381) + GE4SC5 (x(Sc) 0.55556)
GeSc-12Che.tdb	1939.04	LIQUID (x(Sc) 0.4408) + GE10SC11 (x(Sc) 0.52381) + GE4SC5 (x(Sc) 0.55556)
GeSc-12Che.tdb	1939.04	LIQUID (x(Sc) 0.44078) + GE10SC11 (x(Sc) 0.52381) + GE4SC5 (x(Sc) 0.55556)
GeSc-12Che.tdb	1599.3	LIQUID (x(Sc) 0.89065) + BCC_A2 (x(Sc) 0.97735) + HCP_A3 (x(Sc) 0.97842)
GeSc-12Che.tdb	1557.85	GE3SC5_D88 (x(Sc) 0.65317) + LIQUID (x(Sc) 0.8781) + HCP_A3 (x(Sc) 0.97555)
GeSc-12Che.tdb	1464.72	LIQUID (x(Sc) 0.3265) + GESC_B33 (x(Sc) 0.5) + GE10SC11 (x(Sc) 0.52381)
GeSc-12Che.tdb	1464.72	LIQUID (x(Sc) 0.3265) + GESC_B33 (x(Sc) 0.5) + GE10SC11 (x(Sc) 0.52381)
GeSc-12Che.tdb	1389.82	LIQUID (x(Sc) 0.30916) + GE2SC_C49 (x(Sc) 0.33333) + GESC_B33 (x(Sc) 0.5)
GeSc-12Che.tdb	1389.82	LIQUID (x(Sc) 0.30921) + GE2SC_C49 (x(Sc) 0.33333) + GESC_B33 (x(Sc) 0.5)
GeSc-12Che.tdb	1165.55	DIAMOND_A4 (x(Sc) 0) + LIQUID (x(Sc) 0.15502) + GE2SC_C49 (x(Sc) 0.33333)
GeSc-12Che.tdb	1165.55	DIAMOND_A4 (x(Sc) 0) + LIQUID (x(Sc) 0.15484) + GE2SC_C49 (x(Sc) 0.33333)
GeSc-12Che.tdb	1165.55	DIAMOND_A4 (x(Sc) 0) + LIQUID (x(Sc) 0.15483) + GE2SC_C49 (x(Sc) 0.33333)

Convex hulls: Materials Project DFT hull · OQMD DFT hull

Invariant reactions (literature)

Invariant reactions reported in the literature for the Ge–Sc system (21)
T (K)	Reaction / phases	Compositions (mole fraction)	Class	Source	Location
2338	congruent melting: Sc5Ge3 = Liquid	Sc5Ge3: Ge 0.375; Liquid: Ge 0.375	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Gokhale 1986 doi	Table 5, p. 7, row 7 report
2334	congruent melting: Sc5Ge3 = Liquid	Sc5Ge3: Ge 0.375; Liquid: Ge 0.375	model	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 5, p. 7, row 8 report
2145	peritectic: Sc5Ge3 + Liquid = Sc5Ge4	Sc5Ge3: Ge 0.375; Liquid: Ge 0.476; Sc5Ge4: Ge 0.4445	model	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 5, p. 7, row 10 report
2143	peritectic: Sc5Ge3 + Liquid = Sc5Ge4	Sc5Ge3: Ge 0.385; Liquid: Ge 0.452; Sc5Ge4: Ge 0.4445	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Gokhale 1986 doi	Table 5, p. 7, row 9 report
1941	peritectic: Sc5Ge4 + Liquid = Sc11Ge10	Sc5Ge4: Ge 0.4445; Liquid: Ge 0.559; Sc11Ge10: Ge 0.4762	model	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 5, p. 7, row 12 report
1938	peritectic: Sc5Ge4 + Liquid = Sc11Ge10	Sc5Ge4: Ge 0.4445; Liquid: Ge 0.493; Sc11Ge10: Ge 0.4762	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Gokhale 1986 doi	Table 5, p. 7, row 11 report
1605	metatectic/catatectic: (βSc) = (αSc) + Liquid	(βSc): Ge 0.0221; (αSc): Ge 0.0217; Liquid: Ge 0.107	model	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 5, p. 7, row 3 report
1605	metatectic/catatectic: (βSc) = (αSc) + Liquid		experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 5, p. 7, row 2 report
1603	metatectic/catatectic: (βSc) = (αSc) + Liquid	(βSc): Ge 0.02; (αSc): Ge 0; Liquid: Ge 0.089	model	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Gokhale 1986 doi	Table 5, p. 7, row 1 report
1547	eutectic: Liquid = (αSc) + Sc5Ge3	Liquid: Ge 0.12; (αSc): Ge 0.027; Sc5Ge3: Ge 0.365	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Gokhale 1986 doi	Table 5, p. 7, row 4 report
1547	eutectic: Liquid = (αSc) + Sc5Ge3	Liquid: Ge 0.123; (αSc): Ge 0.0267; Sc5Ge3: Ge 0.3453	model	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 5, p. 7, row 6 report
1547	eutectic: Liquid = (αSc) + Sc5Ge3	Sc5Ge3: Ge 0.375, Sc 0.625	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 5, p. 7, row 5 report
1466	peritectic: Sc11Ge10 + Liquid = ScGe	Sc11Ge10: Ge 0.47619, Sc 0.52381; ScGe: Ge 0.5, Sc 0.5	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 5, p. 7, row 14 report
1466	peritectic: Sc11Ge10 + Liquid = ScGe	Sc11Ge10: Ge 0.4762; Liquid: Ge 0.677; ScGe: Ge 0.5	model	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 5, p. 7, row 15 report
1465	peritectic: Sc11Ge10 + Liquid = ScGe	Sc11Ge10: Ge 0.4762; Liquid: Ge 0.625; ScGe: Ge 0.5	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Gokhale 1986 doi	Table 5, p. 7, row 13 report
1389	peritectic: ScGe + Liquid = ScGe2	ScGe: Ge 0.5; Liquid: Ge 0.699; ScGe2: Ge 0.667	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Gokhale 1986 doi	Table 5, p. 7, row 16 report
1389	peritectic: ScGe + Liquid = ScGe2	ScGe: Ge 0.5; Liquid: Ge 0.699; ScGe2: Ge 0.667	model	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 5, p. 7, row 18 report
1389	peritectic: ScGe + Liquid = ScGe2	ScGe: Ge 0.5, Sc 0.5; ScGe2: Ge 0.666667, Sc 0.333333	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 5, p. 7, row 17 report
1167	eutectic: Liquid = ScGe2 + (Ge)	ScGe2: Ge 0.666667, Sc 0.333333	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 5, p. 7, row 20 report
1167	eutectic: Liquid = ScGe2 + (Ge)	Liquid: Ge 0.85; ScGe2: Ge 0.667; (Ge): Ge 1	model	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 5, p. 7, row 21 report
1165	eutectic: Liquid = ScGe2 + (Ge)	Liquid: Ge 0.85; ScGe2: Ge 0.667; (Ge): Ge 1	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Gokhale 1986 doi	Table 5, p. 7, row 19 report

Other properties

Phase transition (1)

Phase transition, Ge–Sc system
Property	Value	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location	Quote
Phase transition	1389 K	1389	Sc11 Ge10 + Liquid = ScGe	model	[1] Cheng 2012	p. 6 report	The calculated reaction temperature and peritectic point of invariant equilibrium Sc11 Ge10 + Liquid = ScGe are 1389 K and 68.1 at.% Ge, which agree well with the present experimental results.

Phase equilibrium (11)

Phase equilibrium, Ge–Sc system
Property	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location
Phase assemblage	1123	ScGe + ScGe2 alloy: Ge 0.6, Sc 0.4	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 2, p. 3, row 4 report
Phase assemblage	1123	ScGe2 alloy: Ge 0.6667, Sc 0.3333	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 2, p. 3, row 5 report
Phase assemblage	1123	ScGe2 + (Ge) alloy: Ge 0.7, Sc 0.3	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 2, p. 3, row 7 report
Phase assemblage	1123	ScGe2 + (Ge) alloy: Ge 0.75, Sc 0.25	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 2, p. 3, row 8 report
Phase assemblage	1123	ScGe2 + (Ge) alloy: Ge 0.9, Sc 0.1	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 2, p. 3, row 9 report
Phase assemblage	1123	ScGe2 + (Ge) alloy: Ge 0.67, Sc 0.33	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 2, p. 3, row 6 report
Phase assemblage	1223	(αSc) + Sc5Ge3 alloy: Ge 0.16, Sc 0.84	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 2, p. 3, row 11 report
Phase assemblage	1323	(αSc) + Sc5Ge3 alloy: Ge 0.05, Sc 0.95	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 2, p. 3, row 1 report
Phase assemblage	1323	(αSc) + Sc5Ge3 alloy: Ge 0.16, Sc 0.84	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 2, p. 3, row 3 report
Phase assemblage	1323	(αSc) + Sc5Ge3 alloy: Ge 0.12, Sc 0.88	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 2, p. 3, row 2 report
Phase assemblage	1323	ScGe2 + (Ge) alloy: Ge 0.41, Sc 0.59	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 2, p. 3, row 10 report

Crystal structure (37)

Crystal structure, Ge–Sc system
Property	Value	T (K)	Phases / composition	Class	Source	Location
Lattice a	5.62 Å	0	(Ge) alloy: Sc 0	DFT	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 20 report
Lattice a	10.32 Å	0	Sc11Ge10 alloy: Sc 0.52381	DFT	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 12 report
Lattice a	7.972 Å	0	Sc5Ge3 alloy: Sc 0.625	DFT	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 8 report
Lattice a	7.172 Å	0	Sc5Ge4 alloy: Sc 0.555556	DFT	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 10 report
Lattice a	4.025 Å	0	ScGe alloy: Sc 0.5	DFT	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 14 report
Lattice a	3.88 Å	0	ScGe2 alloy: Sc 0.333333	DFT	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 17 report
Lattice a	3.3107 Å	298.15	(αSc) (αSc): Ge 0.0241, Sc 0.9759	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 2 report
Lattice a	3.3088 Å	298.15	(αSc) (αSc): Ge 0.027, Sc 0.973	unspecified	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Beaudry 1978	Table 3, p. 3, row 1 report
Lattice a	3.73 Å	298.15	(βSc) (βSc): Ge 0.02, Sc 0.98	model	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Massalski 1986	Table 3, p. 3, row 4 report
Lattice a	10.12 Å	298.15	Sc11Ge10 Sc11Ge10: Ge 0.4762, Sc 0.5238	unspecified	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Eremenko 1981	Table 3, p. 3, row 11 report
Lattice a	7.939 Å	298.15	Sc5Ge3 Sc5Ge3: Ge 0.365, Sc 0.635	unspecified	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Eremenko 1981	Table 3, p. 3, row 5 report
Lattice a	7.269 Å	298.15	Sc5Ge4 Sc5Ge4: Ge 0.445, Sc 0.555	unspecified	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Eremenko 1981	Table 3, p. 3, row 9 report
Lattice a	4.007 Å	298.15	ScGe ScGe: Ge 0.5, Sc 0.5	unspecified	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Eremenko 1981	Table 3, p. 3, row 13 report
Lattice a	3.88 Å	298.15	ScGe2 ScGe2: Ge 0.6667, Sc 0.3333	unspecified	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Eremenko 1981	Table 3, p. 3, row 15 report
Lattice a	3.88 Å	298.15	ScGe2 ScGe2: Ge 0.6667, Sc 0.3333	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 16 report
Lattice a	7.932 Å	1223	Sc5Ge3 Sc5Ge3: Ge 0.359, Sc 0.641	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 6 report
Lattice b	13.807 Å	0	Sc5Ge4 alloy: Sc 0.555556	DFT	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 10 report
Lattice b	10.133 Å	0	ScGe alloy: Sc 0.5	DFT	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 14 report
Lattice b	14.87 Å	0	ScGe2 alloy: Sc 0.333333	DFT	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 17 report
Lattice b	13.98 Å	298.15	Sc5Ge4 Sc5Ge4: Ge 0.445, Sc 0.555	unspecified	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Eremenko 1981	Table 3, p. 3, row 9 report
Lattice b	10.06 Å	298.15	ScGe ScGe: Ge 0.5, Sc 0.5	unspecified	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Eremenko 1981	Table 3, p. 3, row 13 report
Lattice b	14.87 Å	298.15	ScGe2 ScGe2: Ge 0.6667, Sc 0.3333	unspecified	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Eremenko 1981	Table 3, p. 3, row 15 report
Lattice b	14.85 Å	298.15	ScGe2 ScGe2: Ge 0.6667, Sc 0.3333	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 16 report
Lattice c	15.3 Å	0	Sc11Ge10 alloy: Sc 0.52381	DFT	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 12 report
Lattice c	5.905 Å	0	Sc5Ge3 alloy: Sc 0.625	DFT	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 8 report
Lattice c	7.251 Å	0	Sc5Ge4 alloy: Sc 0.555556	DFT	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 10 report
Lattice c	3.825 Å	0	ScGe alloy: Sc 0.5	DFT	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 14 report
Lattice c	3.79 Å	0	ScGe2 alloy: Sc 0.333333	DFT	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 17 report
Lattice c	5.2693 Å	298.15	(αSc) (αSc): Ge 0.0241, Sc 0.9759	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 2 report
Lattice c	5.268 Å	298.15	(αSc) (αSc): Ge 0.027, Sc 0.973	unspecified	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Beaudry 1978	Table 3, p. 3, row 1 report
Lattice c	15.54 Å	298.15	Sc11Ge10 Sc11Ge10: Ge 0.4762, Sc 0.5238	unspecified	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Eremenko 1981	Table 3, p. 3, row 11 report
Lattice c	5.883 Å	298.15	Sc5Ge3 Sc5Ge3: Ge 0.365, Sc 0.635	unspecified	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Eremenko 1981	Table 3, p. 3, row 5 report
Lattice c	7.152 Å	298.15	Sc5Ge4 Sc5Ge4: Ge 0.445, Sc 0.555	unspecified	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Eremenko 1981	Table 3, p. 3, row 9 report
Lattice c	3.762 Å	298.15	ScGe ScGe: Ge 0.5, Sc 0.5	unspecified	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Eremenko 1981	Table 3, p. 3, row 13 report
Lattice c	3.79 Å	298.15	ScGe2 ScGe2: Ge 0.6667, Sc 0.3333	unspecified	[1] Cheng 2012 cites Eremenko 1981	Table 3, p. 3, row 15 report
Lattice c	3.79 Å	298.15	ScGe2 ScGe2: Ge 0.6667, Sc 0.3333	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 16 report
Lattice c	5.898 Å	1223	Sc5Ge3 Sc5Ge3: Ge 0.359, Sc 0.641	experimental	[1] Cheng 2012	Table 3, p. 3, row 6 report

Sources

Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).

Kaiming Cheng, Biao Hu, Yong Du, Honghui Xu, Qiannan Gao, Thermodynamic modeling of the Ge–Sc system supported by key experiments and first-principles calculation, Calphad 37, 18-24 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2011.12.010

Please cite

R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735569
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735859
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD) (version 2026.10), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23735891
R. Arróyave, J. Saal, D. Shin, ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets (version 2026.10; Version 1, machine-extracted), Zenodo (2026). doi:10.5281/zenodo.23736065

Also cite the original source of every value you use (paper_citation / paper_doi, and cited_dois for values the paper cites from earlier work); B. Hallstedt, The SGTE collection of binary datasets, Calphad 89 (2025) 102833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2025.102833 (CC BY 4.0), and the original assessment named in each file; A. Jain et al., The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation, APL Materials 1 (2013) 011002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4812323 (CC BY 4.0); J. E. Saal et al., JOM 65 (2013) 1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0755-4 and S. Kirklin et al., npj Comput. Mater. 1 (2015) 15010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2015.10 (CC BY 4.0). Version 1, machine-extracted: values were read by language-model readers constrained to quote their source and checked automatically, and the release was then audited on the printed pages by adversarial audits, an independent second review of fit-facing records and a preliminary human review of a frozen sample. Flags such as accepted and ESPEI-ready record screening results, not certification; known issues are listed in the release notes.

@misc{orchid_literature_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Values: thermodynamic and phase-equilibrium values read from the literature}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735569},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}

@misc{orchid_phase_diagrams_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Diagrams: calculated binary phase diagrams}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735859},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735859}
}

@misc{orchid_hulls_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID-Hulls: binary convex hulls (Materials Project, OQMD, assessed CALPHAD)}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23735891},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23735891}
}

@misc{orchid_data_2026,
  author    = {Arr{\'o}yave, Raymundo and Saal, James and Shin, Dongwon},
  title     = {{ORCHID data: umbrella record of the ORCHID datasets}},
  version   = {2026.10},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23736065},
  note      = {Version 1, machine-extracted}
}