Sn system
89 accepted literature values from 19 paper(s) (experimental 29, model 25, DFT 18, unspecified 17); 0 calculated phase diagram(s). 1 further extracted value(s) not accepted by the reader-agreement checks are only in the JSON/CSV.
Data: JSON · CSV · interactive explorer · papers (bibliography) · Markdown
| Evidence class | Values |
|---|---|
| experimental | 29 |
| model | 25 |
| DFT | 18 |
| unspecified | 17 |
| Property group | Values |
|---|---|
| invariant reaction | 5 |
| phase transition | 16 |
| formation | 1 |
| mixing / partial | 4 |
| heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy | 8 |
| activity / EMF / Gibbs energy | 2 |
| crystal structure | 51 |
| other property | 2 |
Invariant reactions (literature)
| T (K) | Reaction / phases | Compositions (mole fraction) | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 286.15 | polymorphic: βSn -> αSn | βSn: ; αSn: | model | [1] Sheldon 1987 | Table 1, p. 2, row 2 report | |
| 286.15 | polymorphic: βSn ↔ αSn | unspecified | [2] Grolier 2008 cites Dinsdale 1991 doi | Table 3, p. 5, row 17 report | ||
| 286.15 | (β_Sn) = (α_Sn) | (β_Sn): Sn 1; (α_Sn): Sn 1 | model | [3] Cui 2020 cites Dinsdale 1991 doi | Table 4, p. 8, row 17 report | |
| 286 | congruent transformation: β Sn = α Sn | unspecified | [4] Subasic 1998 cites ref. 83Abr | Table 1, p. 3, row 20 report | ||
| 286 | congruent transformation: β Sn = α Sn | α Sn: Sn 1 | model | [4] Subasic 1998 | Table 1, p. 3, row 19 report |
Formation enthalpies
Literature values in kJ/mol-atom where the per-atom basis is known. DFT columns: the lowest-energy entry at the same composition (Materials Project 2026.04.13, OQMD v1.8; different energy references, never averaged), from dft_parity.json.
| Phase | Compound | Value | T (K) | Class | MP DFT (kJ/mol-atom) | OQMD DFT (kJ/mol-atom) | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A5-Sn | 0 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 0 | DFT | [5] Berche 2016 | Table 2, p. 4, row 3 report |
Other properties
Phase transition (16)
| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase transition | 285 K | 285 | b-Sn | model | [6] OHNO 2006 | p. 5 report | By lowering the free energy of b-Sn by just a few kJ/mol it is shown that now the transition temperature calculated from first-principles is about 285 K, much closer to the experimental value (286 K) and without any adjustments to the calculated finite temperature thermodynamic properties. |
| Phase transition | 286 K | 286 | a-Sn -> b-Sn | model | [6] OHNO 2006 cites Dinsdale 1991 | p. 5 report | In the case of Sn, both a-Sn and b-Sn are dynamically stable at low temperatures and it is possible to use the present methods to try to estimate the a ! b transition, which occurs at 286 K [41]. |
| Phase transition | 286.15 K | 286.15 | polymorphic: βSn -> αSn βSn: Sn 1; αSn: Sn 1 | unspecified | [7] Anderson 1992 | Table 1, p. 1, row 4 report | |
| Phase transition | 286.15 K | 286.15 | βSn + αSn | model | [8] Zemanova 2012 | Table 3, p. 5, row 32 report | |
| Phase transition | 294.15 K | 294.15 | other: L + (Sn) alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992 cites ref. 64Pre | Table 2, p. 4, row 23 report | |
| Phase transition | 294.15 K | 294.15 | other: L + (Sn) alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992 cites ref. 64Pre | Table 2, p. 3, row 75 report | |
| Phase transition | 445.15 K | 445.15 | other: L + (Sn) alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992 cites ref. 64Pre | Table 2, p. 4, row 22 report | |
| Phase transition | 445.15 K | 445.15 | other: L + (Sn) alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992 cites ref. 64Pre | Table 2, p. 3, row 74 report | |
| Phase transition | 471.15 K | 471.15 | other: L + (Sn) alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992 cites ref. 64Pre | Table 2, p. 4, row 21 report | |
| Phase transition | 471.15 K | 471.15 | other: L + (Sn) alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992 cites ref. 64Pre | Table 2, p. 3, row 73 report | |
| Phase transition | 481.15 K | 481.15 | other: L + (Sn) alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992 cites ref. 64Pre | Table 2, p. 3, row 72 report | |
| Phase transition | 481.15 K | 481.15 | other: L + (Sn) alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992 cites ref. 64Pre | Table 2, p. 4, row 20 report | |
| Phase transition | 488.15 K | 488.15 | other: L + (Sn) alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992 cites ref. 64Pre | Table 2, p. 3, row 71 report | |
| Phase transition | 488.15 K | 488.15 | other: L + (Sn) alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992 cites ref. 64Pre | Table 2, p. 4, row 19 report | |
| Phase transition | 497.15 K | 497.15 | other: L + (Sn) alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992 cites ref. 64Pre | Table 2, p. 3, row 70 report | |
| Phase transition | 497.15 K | 497.15 | other: L + (Sn) alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [7] Anderson 1992 cites ref. 64Pre | Table 2, p. 4, row 18 report |
Mixing / partial (4)
| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gibbs energy of mixing printed: Integral Gibbs energies of mixing | 0 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 1373 | liquid alloy: Sn 1 | model | [9] Charles 1999 | Table 7, p. 8, row 2 report | |
| Gibbs energy of mixing printed: Integral Gibbs energies of mixing | 0 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 1573 | liquid alloy: Sn 1 | model | [9] Charles 1999 | Table 7, p. 8, row 3 report | |
| Gibbs energy of mixing printed: Integral Gibbs energies of mixing | 0 kJ/mol (basis unstated) | 1773 | liquid alloy: Sn 1 | model | [9] Charles 1999 | Table 7, p. 8, row 6 report | |
| sm fusion printed: ΔSmelt | 13.91 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 505.1 | UNKNOWN alloy: Sn 1 | model | [9] Charles 1999 cites Dinsdale 1991 doi | Table 2, p. 4, row 2 report |
Heat capacity / entropy / enthalpy (8)
| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entropy printed: S,298 | 46.34 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 0 | α-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | DFT | [6] OHNO 2006 | Table 2, p. 4, row 5 report | |
| Entropy printed: S,298 | 53.66 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 0 | β-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | DFT | [6] OHNO 2006 | Table 2, p. 4, row 3 report | |
| Entropy printed: S,298 | 44.26 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | α-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [6] OHNO 2006 cites Ravelo 1997 | Table 2, p. 4, row 6 report | |
| Entropy printed: S,298 | 51.2 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | β-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [6] OHNO 2006 cites Dederichs 1981 | Table 2, p. 4, row 4 report | |
| Heat capacity printed: CP298 | 24.65 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 0 | α-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | DFT | [6] OHNO 2006 | Table 2, p. 4, row 5 report | |
| Heat capacity printed: CP298 | 26.22 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 0 | β-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | DFT | [6] OHNO 2006 | Table 2, p. 4, row 3 report | |
| Heat capacity printed: CP298 | 25.79 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | α-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [6] OHNO 2006 cites Ravelo 1997 | Table 2, p. 4, row 6 report | |
| Heat capacity printed: CP298 | 26.99 J/mol (basis unstated)/K | 298.15 | β-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [6] OHNO 2006 cites Dederichs 1981 | Table 2, p. 4, row 4 report |
Activity / EMF / Gibbs energy (2)
| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gibbs energy printed: Gm(ω)-Gm(β) | -74 J/mol | 0 | UNKNOWN alloy: Sn 1 | DFT | [10] Yan 2016 | Table 4, p. 5, row 13 report | |
| Gibbs energy printed: Gm(ω)-Gm(β) | -74 J/mol | 0 | UNKNOWN alloy: Sn 1 | model | [10] Yan 2016 | Table 4, p. 5, row 14 report |
Crystal structure (51)
| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lattice a | 5.42 Å | 0 | (Sn-α) (Sn-α): Sn 1 | DFT | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 | Table 1, p. 3, row 30 report | |
| Lattice a | 5.83 Å | (Sn-β) (Sn-β): Sn 1 | experimental | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 cites Wolcyrz 1981 | Table 1, p. 3, row 31 report | ||
| Lattice a | 5.94 Å | 0 | (Sn-β) (Sn-β): Sn 1 | DFT | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 | Table 1, p. 3, row 32 report | |
| Lattice a | 5.9704 Å | (βSn) alloy: Sn 1 | unspecified | [12] Tang 2012 | Table 4, p. 5, row 13 report | ||
| Lattice a printed: a | 5.964 Å | 0 | A5-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | DFT | [5] Berche 2016 | Table 2, p. 4, row 3 report | |
| Lattice a | 6.4892 Å | 13 (<) | (αSn) alloy: Sn 1 | unspecified | [13] Kozlov 2008 | Table 1, p. 4, row 5 report | |
| Lattice a | 6.4892 Å | 13 (<) | (αSn) (αSn): Sn 1 | unspecified | [7] Anderson 1992 cites ref. 2 | Table 4, p. 5, row 4 report | |
| Lattice a | 5.8316 Å | 122.484 | (βSn) (βSn): Sn 1 | unspecified | [7] Anderson 1992 cites ref. 1 | Table 4, p. 5, row 3 report | |
| Lattice a | 5.8318 Å | 122.485 | (βSn) alloy: Sn 1 | unspecified | [13] Kozlov 2008 | Table 1, p. 4, row 4 report | |
| Lattice a | 6.4892 Å | 286.2 (<) | (αSn) (αSn): Sn 1 | model | [14] Yen 2003 | Table 3, p. 6, row 4 report | |
| Lattice a | 6.4892 Å | 293.15 | (αSn) (αSn): Sn 1 | unspecified | [1] Sheldon 1987 | Table 3, p. 3, row 2 report | |
| Lattice a | 5.43 Å | 298.15 | (Sn-α) (Sn-α): Sn 1 | unspecified | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 cites Tsukeva 1989 doi | Table 1, p. 3, row 29 report | |
| Lattice a | 6.4892 Å | 298.15 | (αSn) alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [15] Qin 2014 cites Thewlis 1954 | Table 2, p. 3, row 3 report | |
| Lattice a | 6.4892 Å | 298.15 | (αSn) alloy: Sn 1 | model | [12] Tang 2012 cites Massalski 1986 | Table 4, p. 5, row 14 report | |
| Lattice a | 5.8315 Å | 298.15 | (βSn) (βSn): Sn 1 | unspecified | [1] Sheldon 1987 | Table 3, p. 3, row 1 report | |
| Lattice a | 5.8326 Å | 298.15 | (βSn) alloy: Sn 1 | model | [12] Tang 2012 cites King 1981 doi | Table 4, p. 5, row 12 report | |
| Lattice a | 5.8316 Å | 298.15 | (βSn) alloy: Sn 1 | model | [15] Qin 2014 cites King 1981 | Table 2, p. 3, row 2 report | |
| Lattice a | 5.83 Å | 298.15 | bct-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [16] Zhou 2014 cites Villars 2004 doi | Table 2, p. 4, row 4 report | |
| Lattice a | 5.93 Å | 298.15 | bct-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | DFT | [16] Zhou 2014 cites Arroyave 2006 doi | Table 2, p. 4, row 5 report | |
| Lattice a | 5.933 Å | 298.15 | bct-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | DFT | [16] Zhou 2014 | Table 2, p. 4, row 6 report | |
| Lattice a | 5.829 Å | 298.15 | βSn alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [17] Dong 2013 cites Franceschi 1988 doi | Table 1, p. 2, row 14 report | |
| Lattice a | 5.7998 Å | 298.15 | βSn alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [18] Li 2014 cites Helfrich 1964 doi | Table 5, p. 4, row 9 report | |
| Lattice a | 5.8317 Å | 395.634 | (βSn) (βSn): Sn 1 | model | [14] Yen 2003 | Table 3, p. 6, row 2 report | |
| Lattice b | 5.42 Å | 0 | (Sn-α) (Sn-α): Sn 1 | DFT | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 | Table 1, p. 3, row 30 report | |
| Lattice b | 5.83 Å | (Sn-β) (Sn-β): Sn 1 | experimental | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 cites Wolcyrz 1981 | Table 1, p. 3, row 31 report | ||
| Lattice b | 5.49 Å | 0 | (Sn-β) (Sn-β): Sn 1 | DFT | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 | Table 1, p. 3, row 32 report | |
| Lattice b | 5.43 Å | 298.15 | (Sn-α) (Sn-α): Sn 1 | unspecified | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 cites Tsukeva 1989 doi | Table 1, p. 3, row 29 report | |
| Lattice c | 5.42 Å | 0 | (Sn-α) (Sn-α): Sn 1 | DFT | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 | Table 1, p. 3, row 30 report | |
| Lattice c | 3.18 Å | (Sn-β) (Sn-β): Sn 1 | experimental | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 cites Wolcyrz 1981 | Table 1, p. 3, row 31 report | ||
| Lattice c | 3.21 Å | 0 | (Sn-β) (Sn-β): Sn 1 | DFT | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 | Table 1, p. 3, row 32 report | |
| Lattice c | 3.1824 Å | (βSn) alloy: Sn 1 | unspecified | [12] Tang 2012 | Table 4, p. 5, row 13 report | ||
| Lattice c printed: c | 3.194 Å | 0 | A5-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | DFT | [5] Berche 2016 | Table 2, p. 4, row 3 report | |
| Lattice c | 3.1815 Å | 122.484 | (βSn) (βSn): Sn 1 | unspecified | [7] Anderson 1992 cites ref. 1 | Table 4, p. 5, row 3 report | |
| Lattice c | 3.1818 Å | 122.485 | (βSn) alloy: Sn 1 | unspecified | [13] Kozlov 2008 | Table 1, p. 4, row 4 report | |
| Lattice c | 5.43 Å | 298.15 | (Sn-α) (Sn-α): Sn 1 | unspecified | [11] Kali-Ali 2017 cites Tsukeva 1989 doi | Table 1, p. 3, row 29 report | |
| Lattice c | 3.1814 Å | 298.15 | (βSn) (βSn): Sn 1 | unspecified | [1] Sheldon 1987 | Table 3, p. 3, row 1 report | |
| Lattice c | 3.1821 Å | 298.15 | (βSn) alloy: Sn 1 | model | [12] Tang 2012 cites King 1981 doi | Table 4, p. 5, row 12 report | |
| Lattice c | 3.1815 Å | 298.15 | (βSn) alloy: Sn 1 | model | [15] Qin 2014 cites King 1981 | Table 2, p. 3, row 2 report | |
| Lattice c | 3.184 Å | 298.15 | bct-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [16] Zhou 2014 cites Villars 2004 doi | Table 2, p. 4, row 4 report | |
| Lattice c | 3.23 Å | 298.15 | bct-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | DFT | [16] Zhou 2014 cites Arroyave 2006 doi | Table 2, p. 4, row 5 report | |
| Lattice c | 3.202 Å | 298.15 | bct-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | DFT | [16] Zhou 2014 | Table 2, p. 4, row 6 report | |
| Lattice c | 3.18 Å | 298.15 | βSn alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [17] Dong 2013 cites Franceschi 1988 doi | Table 1, p. 2, row 14 report | |
| Lattice c | 3.1642 Å | 298.15 | βSn alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [18] Li 2014 cites Helfrich 1964 doi | Table 5, p. 4, row 9 report | |
| Lattice c | 3.1813 Å | 395.634 | (βSn) (βSn): Sn 1 | model | [14] Yen 2003 | Table 3, p. 6, row 2 report | |
| Molar volume | 16.98 cm3/mol | L alloy: Sn 1 | model | [19] Ohtani 1995 cites Karakaya 1988 doi | Table 3, p. 2, row 6 report | ||
| Molar volume | 16.555 cm3/mol | γ alloy: Sn 1 | model | [19] Ohtani 1995 cites Karakaya 1988 doi | Table 3, p. 2, row 7 report | ||
| Molar volume | 16.855 cm3/mol | δ alloy: Sn 1 | model | [19] Ohtani 1995 cites Karakaya 1988 doi | Table 3, p. 2, row 8 report | ||
| Molar volume | 16.548 cm3/mol | ε alloy: Sn 1 | model | [19] Ohtani 1995 cites Karakaya 1988 doi | Table 3, p. 2, row 9 report | ||
| lattice beta | 90 ° | 298.15 | βSn alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [18] Li 2014 cites Helfrich 1964 doi | Table 5, p. 4, row 9 report | |
| volume printed: V | 28.423 Å3/atom | 0 | bct-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | model | [16] Zhou 2014 | Table 3, p. 4, row 3 report | |
| volume printed: V | 27.055 Å3/atom | bct-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [16] Zhou 2014 cites Vaidya 1970 | Table 3, p. 4, row 4 report |
Other property (2)
| Property | Value | T (K) | Phases / composition | Class | Source | Location | Quote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bulk modulus printed: B | 47.686 GPa | 0 | bct-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | model | [16] Zhou 2014 | Table 3, p. 4, row 3 report | |
| bulk modulus printed: B | 58 GPa | bct-Sn alloy: Sn 1 | experimental | [16] Zhou 2014 cites Vaidya 1970 | Table 3, p. 4, row 4 report |
Sources
Reporting papers the values were read from (a value cited from another work names that work in its row).
- R. I. Sheldon, E. M. Foltyn, D. E. Peterson, The Sn-U (Tin-Uranium) system, Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams 8, 347-352 (1987). doi:10.1007/bf02869271
- Vincent Grolier, Rainer Schmid-Fetzer, Thermodynamic analysis of the Pt–Sn system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 450, 264-271 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.11.027
- Senlin Cui, Jian Wang, Zhimin You, Ralph E. Napolitano, Critical evaluation and thermodynamic modeling of the Pd–Sn system, Intermetallics 126, 106945 (2020). doi:10.1016/j.intermet.2020.106945
- Nihad Subasic, Thermodynamic evaluation of Sn-Zr phase diagram, Calphad 22, 157-165 (1998). doi:10.1016/s0364-5916(98)00021-2
- A. Berche, J.C. Tédenac, P. Jund, Phase diagram and enthalpy of formation of Hf-Ni-Sn, Computational Materials Science 125, 271-277 (2016). doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2016.08.042
- M OHNO, A KOZLOV, R ARROYAVE, Z LIU, R SCHMIDFETZER, Thermodynamic modeling of the Ca–Sn system based on finite temperature quantities from first-principles and experiment, Acta Materialia 54, 4939-4951 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2006.06.017
- T. J. Anderson, I. Ansara, The Ga-Sn (gallium-tin) system, JPE 13, 181-189 (1992). doi:10.1007/bf02667485
- Adela Zemanova, Ales Kroupa, Alan Dinsdale, Theoretical assessment of the Ni–Sn system, Monatsh Chem 143, 1255-1261 (2012). doi:10.1007/s00706-012-0778-5
- J. Charles, J. J. Kuntz, J. C. Gachon, L. Perring, A thermodynamic assessment of the ruthenium-tin (Ru-Sn) system, JPE 20, 573-580 (1999). doi:10.1361/105497199770340563
- Jia-Yi Yan, G.B. Olson, Computational thermodynamics and kinetics of displacive transformations in titanium-based alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 673, 441-454 (2016). doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.02.251
- F. Kali-Ali, Y. Djaballah, S. Triaa, Ş. Uğur, A. Belgacem-Bouzida, M. Drir et al., Ab-Initio Calculations and Thermodynamic Description of the Yb-Cd and Yb-Sn Systems, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 38, 665-675 (2017). doi:10.1007/s11669-017-0588-x
- Cai Tang, Biao Hu, Yong Du, Dongdong Zhao, Peng Zhou, Feng Zheng et al., Thermodynamic modeling of the Hf–Sn and Sn–Y systems, Calphad 39, 91-96 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2012.09.003
- A. Kozlov, M. Ohno, R. Arroyave, Z.K. Liu, R. Schmid-Fetzer, Phase equilibria, thermodynamics and solidification microstructures of Mg–Sn–Ca alloys, Part 1: Experimental investigation and thermodynamic modeling of the ternary Mg–Sn–Ca system, Intermetallics 16, 299-315 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.intermet.2007.10.010
- Yee-Wen Yen, Joachim Gröbner, Rainer Schmid-Fetzer, Yee-Wen Yen, Steve C. Hansen, Thermodynamic assessment of the Hg-Sn system, JPE 24, 151-167 (2003). doi:10.1361/105497103770330776
- Aning Qin, Rong Wang, Yaru Wang, Jiong Wang, Shuhong Liu, Kaiming Cheng et al., Thermodynamic assessment of the Cd–X (X=Sn, Mn, Fe) systems, Calphad 47, 83-91 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2014.06.006
- Bi-Cheng Zhou, Shun-Li Shang, Zi-Kui Liu, First-principles calculations and thermodynamic modeling of the Sn−Sr and Mg−Sn−Sr systems, Calphad 46, 237-248 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2014.04.003
- H.Q. Dong, X.M. Tao, T. Laurila, V. Vuorinen, M. Paulasto-Kröckel, Thermodynamic modeling of Au–Ce–Sn ternary system, Calphad 42, 38-50 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2013.07.013
- D. Li, S. Fürtauer, H. Flandorfer, D.M. Cupid, Thermodynamic assessment and experimental investigation of the Li–Sn system, Calphad 47, 181-195 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2014.09.002
- H. Ohtani, K. Okuda, K. Ishida, Thermodynamic study of phase equilibria in the Pb-Sn-Sb system, JPE 16, 416-429 (1995). doi:10.1007/bf02645349